Gender Flashcards

Question

What is Klinefelter's syndrome?

Answer 1

Klinefelters syndrome: -XXY chromosomes -Affects males -Small genitalia, reduced fertility, breasts, reduced body hsir -Social abnormalities

Answer 2

Turner Syndrome: -X Chromosome (lack of another X) -Affects females -Amenorrhea (loss of menstruation), infertility, webbed neck -Difficulty in socialisation, spatial awareness and maths difficulties

Answer 3

Atpyical sex chromosome patterns : + = Practical application -> means that effective treatment implemented when young + = hormonal therapy + = supports nature argument -> biological basis of psychology - = Environmental explanations -> social immaturity may be as a result of how they are treated due to the chromosome syndromes

Answer 4

The cognitive explanation of gender development focuses on how a child's thinking changes as they get older -Changes are universal (consequence of maturation)

Answer 5

Kholberg's theory: -Cognitive-development theory in the 1960's -Believed children went through three stages, becoming more xomplex -Stages = gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy

Answer 6

The three stages of gender development according to Kholberg's theory: -Gender identitiy (2-3yrs) -Gender stability (4-5 yrs) -Gender constancy (6-7+yrs)

Answer 7

Gender Identity stage of gender development (Kholberg's theory): -2-3 yrs -Child recognises that they are boy or girl -They believe they can change (ie boy saying they want to be a mom)

Answer 8

Gender stability as the second stage of gender development (Kholberg's theory): -4-5yrs -Child realises gender is fixed and stable over time -Their understanding of gender is heavily influenced by external factors eg clothes

Answer 9

Gender Constancy as the third stage of gender development: -6-7yrs+ -Child understands that gender is stable but also consistent over time and situations (eg men can have long hair, girls can play rugby)

Answer 10

Munroe's research into Kholberg's theory: -Munroe studied children across cultures -Found children followed the stages of gender development -Meaning it is biologically driven and not down to cultural and social norms

Answer 11

Slaby and Frey's study on the accuracy of Kholberg's theory: -Interviewd 55 children 2-5 yrs old -First phase = Asked questions for each stage (Identity = which one are you? in ref to a girl or boy image) (Stability = will you be a mum or dad?) (Constancy = if you wore -opposite sex clothes- are u girl or boy?) -Second phase = Showed films with both male and female models

Answer 12

Slaby and Frey's study on Kholberg theory stages - findings: -Children high gender constancy = greater tendency to watch same-sex model than those with lower gender constancy

Answer 13

Kholberg's theory evaluation: + = Slaby and Frey supporting research -> findings align with Kholberg - = Slaby and Frey -> artificial situation, based on interviews which can cause researcher bias - = Gender schema theory contradicts Kholberg -> children younger than 6 can form same-sex role models + = Gives agency to child -> active process -> free will, as they actively seek role models -> less deterministic

Answer 14

Gender schema theory: -Martine and Halverson suggested that children play a more active role in their gender development from an earlier age -Helps children make sense on how to behave at a young age (contradicts Kholberg)

Answer 15

-In-group schemas = children's enhanced interest in their gender -Out-group schemas= less interest outside their own gender -These are the first schemas children develop

Answer 16

Martin and Halveson's research into gender schemas: -Asked 5&6 year olds to look at children playing -> some schema-consistent and some schema-inconsistent -After a week, answers were switched showing children build their schemas as this is what memories are based on

Answer 17

Gender Schema Theory Evaluation: + = Supports SLT that children learn by observation -> GST also built on information processing theory (children select information to be remembered) - = Simplistic -> focuses on child as individual -> ignores social norms and culture importance

Answer 18

Freud's oedipus complex relation to gender development: -Occurs in phallic stage -Boy desires person who nurtures him (mother) + fears father due to castration anxiety -Oedipus complex resolved by finding common ground with father and marry lady like mother -> leads to solid masculine gender identity alike his father

Answer 19

-Girls libido aimed towards father -> Penis Envy -> Unconscious thinking -> Wants to be centre of father's attention as well as strong desire to be like him -> Complexities in electra complex means female gender identity is more ambivalent than male gender identity -> less focused and secure in its orientation

Answer 20

-Electra and Oedipus complex resolved through identification with the same-sex parent -Results in acquisition of supergo and gender itentity -Freud believed identification to be the most important role in gender stereotypes -Leads to internalisation

Answer 21

Assumptions of the social learning approach: -behaviour is learnt by observation and imitation -environmental determinism -higher levels of explanation -role of models -> vicarious reinforcement

Answer 22

Positive reinforcement = strengthens behaviour because it is rewarding to the learner

Answer 23

Negative reinforcement = weakens behaviour as it stops an unpleasant experience

Answer 24

Self-efficiacy = needs to be the belief that the person is capable of imitating behaviour and they identify with the role model

Answer 25

-Identification -> quality/characteristic that the person wants to imitate as seen in the role model

Answer 26

Mediational processes: -Attention -Retention -Reproduction -Motivation

Answer 27

Process of gender development in SLT: -Behaviour is observed -Behaviour imitated -Behaviour reinforced -Behaviour repeated -Behaviour internalised

Answer 28

Evaluation of the SLT approach in explaining gender development: - = ignores role of biology -> eg Macoby found hormones may be more important + = study evidence = Rubin -> parents stereotypes newborns - = temporal validity -> gender roles change - = emphasis on same-sex role model -> single-parent households

Answer 29

Margaret Mead Cultural Differences study: Margaret Mead (1935) conducted a classic study of cultural differences in Papua New Guinea. She examined three different tribes and found the Arapesh men and women to be gentle, responsive and cooperative; the Mundugumor men and women were violent and aggressive, seeking power and position; and the Tchambuli showed the opposite gender-role behaviours to those seen in most cultures, as the women were dominant, impersonal and managerial and the men were more emotionally dependen

Answer 30

Margaret Mead Cultural Differences study findings in New Guinea: Mead found the Arapesh men and women to be gentle, responsive and cooperative; the Mundugumor men and women were violent and aggressive, seeking power and position; and the Tchambuli showed the opposite gender-role behaviours to those seen in most cultures, as the women were dominant, impersonal and managerial and the men were more emotionally dependent

Answer 31

Impact of culture on gender - Evaluation: - = Ignores role of biology -> hormones override social norms? + = Mead's work was groundbreaking is distinguishin sex and gender roles - = Mead's reliability questioned -> people has been unable to replicate the results -> did she manipulate the study?

Answer 32

Influence of media on gender roles: -Children internalise gender role stereotypes from books, songs, movies etc -> stereotypes are exaggerated representations of groups of people

Answer 33

Williams study on the influence of media on gender roles: -Research in Canada - introduced TV to people with no TV previously and compared with people who already had TV's -Participants changed gender attitude in align with traditional gender stereotypes portrayed on TV

Answer 34

Influence of media on gender roles - Evaluation - = Correlational research - Williams study ->cannot infer causation - = Hard to distinguish wether media is effecting gender roles or its something else

Answer 35

Atypical gender development is when an indiviual may feel that their gender identity is not congruent with the sex assigned at birth -Transgender -Can cause confusion and dicomfort called gender dysphoria (GD), formerly known as gender identity disorder (GID)

Answer 36

Gender dyphoria criteria: -Marked difference between the individual's expressed/experienced gender, and the gender others would assign them, and it must continue for at least six months

Answer 37

Transgender individuals have an area of the hypothalamus (the BTSc) with the structure/size of the gender they identify with, and not the sex they were born as -This was developed by Zhou and Kruijver

Answer 38

Hare's study into the biological basis of transgender individuals: -Analysis of MTF transsexuals and non-transsexual males -Found a significant association between transsexualism and the AR allele (androgen receptor gene) -Transsexuals have longer AR repeat lengths, causing a reduced action of tostesterone

Answer 39

Social explanations for gender dysphoria / GID - Trauma: -Researched by Susan Coates -Condition is brought about due to trauma at a young age

Answer 40

Social explanations for gender dysphoria / GID - Psychodynamic: -Researched by Robert Stoller -Family relationships is important -Boys have close relationship to mothers, girls have depressed mothers and unsupportive father -Resonates with oedipus and electra complexes

Answer 41

Social explanations for gender dyphoria / GID - comorbidity: -Coates -Found children with GD also have seperation anxiety, depression, emotional and behavioural difficultires

Answer 42

Social Explanations for Gender Dysphoria /GID - Evaluation: + = Hare's study into transexualism -> importance of AR allele -> biological important - = Samples used in GD studies limited due to only affecting small amount of population -> hard to generalise - = Hard to seperate nature and nurture impact - = Reductionist -> interactionist view may be more important

Answer 43

Identification with father in oediupus complex: 1 - Infant Labido (sexual feelings for mother) 2 - Worry about father's anger (fear of castration - this is a conflict for ego to resolve) 3 - Resolution of conflict is the identification with the father -> leads to normal gender development

Answer 44

Identifcation with mother in electra complex: 1 - Infantile labido (sexual feelings for father) 2 - Penis envy (desire to have a penis), hatred for mother (due to being a love rival + history of mothers castrating) 3 - Resolution of conflict (penis envy) is the acceptance of a lack of penis and identification with the mother, leading to a desire to have children similarly

Answer 45

Gender Schema Theory (GST) evaluation: - = Opposes Kholberg's gender constancy stage as GST claims 2+ year olds have gender-seeking behaviour -> unclear which theory is correct - = Martin's research -> Socially sensitive -> Guilt and anxiety on same-sex + single-parent households -> cost-benefit analysis - = Martin's study -> researcher bias as its his theory + = Agrees with SLT information processing theory -> active seeking + schemas -> theory progression - = Simplistic + Reductionist -> ignores social norms and cultural groups + = Practical application -> challenges sexism -> by changing what people see in media

Gender Flashcards

(69 cards)