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a level psychology > gender > Flashcards

gender Flashcards

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1
Q

gender identity is…

A

someone’s personal, internal sense of gender .

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2
Q

sex is…

A

male or female based on biology and anatomy(sex organs)

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3
Q

gender is…

A

being masculine or feminine based on appearance,behaviour, and personality traits

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4
Q

sex role stereotype is…

A

social expectations regarding how males and females should behave. oversimplified,rigid beliefs

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5
Q

Gender identity disorder is…

A

when biological sex and gender identity do not correspond

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6
Q

Androgyny is…

A

displaying high masculine and feminine traits

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7
Q

what is the BSRI (bem sex role inventory)

A

-20 masc traits, 20 fem traits, 20 gender neutral traits(60 traits in total)
-participants rate themselves on 7 point likert scale
-scores for masculine and feminine items are added up
-low masc,low fem=undifferentiated

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8
Q

procedure for BSRI

A

-100 university students given list of personality traits
-half chose traits desirable for men to have and the other half chose traits desirable for women to have

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9
Q

what does BSRI measure?

A

how much people conform to sex role stereotypes
how androgynous people are

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10
Q

3 strengths of BSRI

A

High test-retest reliability- Bem used test retest 4 weeks after the original study and got consistent results.
large sample-1000 people used to gather data
Low gender bias- males and female students chose the traits desirable for men and women

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11
Q

2 weaknessess olf bsri

A

-Lacks internal validity. May not actually be measuring androgyny but people who tend to use the upper end of the scale. Self report methods are subjective and rely on people having a good understanding about their gender identity. People interpret the scale in different ways.
-Lacks temporal validity therefore may not be generalised to other time periods. BSRI developed in 1974, and sex role stereotypes change over time. It is more acceptable for people to be androgynous now, or have a completely different gender identity(LGBTQ)

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12
Q

more androgynous means…

A

more psychologically healthy.
-(Flaherty and Dusek) People who are androgynous have a higher emotional well being. Sex-role stereotypes forces people to conform to them when they want to be them self.

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13
Q

Recent BSRI studies have shown….
(evaluation)

A

A link between masculine traits and high emotional wellbeing. Challenges Bem’s hypothesis that being more androgynous= more psychologically healthy. Because androgynous people have high masculine traits, therefore….

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14
Q

State the sex glands and hormones in biological males and females

A

Males- Testes secrete testosterone
Females- Ovaries secrete oestrogen

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15
Q

Sex chromosomes for males and females are….

A

male-XY
female-XX
always the 23rd pair of chromosomes

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16
Q

How doe sex glands develop
hint: male and female embryos start with the same sex glands

A

males have the SRY gene on the Y chromosome which causes sex glands to develop into testes.
Females do not have SRY gene so their sex gland develops into ovaries

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17
Q

high levels of oestrogen and testosterone causes…

A

male and female genitalia to develop

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18
Q

Sex Hormones are secreted by…

A

adrenal glands(testosterone and oestrogen -small concentrations) and sex glands
males have high testosterone, low oestrogen vice versa.

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19
Q

Oxytocin is secreted by and it’s role in females is…

A

-Pituitary gland
- stimulates the muscles around the uterus for childbirth.
-reduces stress hormone cortisol
- stimulates lactation post birth
-facilitates bonding with baby

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20
Q

effect of oxytocin on female behaviour

A

Females are more empathetic, caring and kind than males. explains gender differences.

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21
Q

effect of testosterone on male behaviour

A

-positive correlation between testosterone and aggression
-Increased sex drive. Testosterone increases the size of the SDN(sexually dimorphic nucleus) in the hypothalamus. SDN controls sexual behaviour.

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22
Q

support for effect of testosterone on gender

A

Girls whose mothers had taken testosterone while pregnant were compared to girls whose mothers who hadn’t taken testosterone while pregnant.
Girls who were exposed to high levels of testosterone before birth displayed more male characteristics.

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23
Q

2 limitation of hormone studies are…

A

-The studies are correlational, so aren’t scientific based because they do not investigate a cause and effect relationship
- expectations about the effects of hormones on behaviour may act as confounding variables
-biologically reductionist–> Ignores complexity of gender, social ineractions, childhood experiences and schema

24
Q

David reimer case study…

A

Biological male that was raised female by parents after a botched sutgery on his genitals. He acted ike a boy and felt like a boy even when he was raised to be a girl. Eventually de transitioned back into male

25
Q

media makes us learn via….

A

observational learning

26
Q

another factor influencing gender differences is…

A

our social environment
learn by observation and imitation from models(people we identify with)

27
Q

1 evaluation points for turner’s syndrome.

A

Biological basis for behavioural (gender) differences.helps with nature-nurture debate bc. u can compare atypical sex people with typical sex chromosome ppl. and infer their psychological/ behvioural differences. e.g. People with turners have higher than average reading ability.

e.g. girl perform better than boy in scl

28
Q

2 more evaluation points for atypical sex chromosomes

A

-real life application-drug therapies-testosterone for KF and growth hormones for TS(they have stunted growth)
-social immaturity in TS may be due to how they are treated. supports nurture. Cause and effect relationship cannot be established between chromosome patterns and syndromes of TS and KF
- considers some behaviours of TS and KF as atypical. GIVE EXAMPLES

29
Q

direct reinforcement is…

A

you are directly rewarded/punished for your gender behaviour

30
Q

differential reinforcement is…

A

Each gender rewarded/punished for gender appropriate behaviour-(pp-blackinc.)

31
Q

vicarious reinforcement is…

A

more likely to imitate the behaviour of a same sex model that you identify with

32
Q

4 evaluation points for SLT of gender development

A

-Smith and Lloyd–Research support for differential reinforcement. 4-6 month old babies. Boys dressed as girls vv. participantrs gave babies gender app. toys based on how they were dressed
-Perry and Bussey—support for modelling and imitation. Children watched same sex and opposite sex adults choosing a piece of fruit. They were then given the opportunity to select a piece of fruit.
Boys tended to choose what the male models chose and the girls chose what the female models had selected.
-SLT ignores biological influences.David was a biological male who was raised as a girl after an accident. didn not identify with his mother.
Despite this, he was deeply unhappy and never felt comfortable as a girl.
When told the truth he immediately reverted back to a male gender identity.
- SLT cannot explain gender differences in same sex siblings raised in the same environment
-explains cultural differences

33
Q

according to SLT, we learn by…

A

observational learning(observe and imitate behaviour of models we identify with)-leads to internalisation of those attitudes

34
Q

Explain the SLT theory for media and gender roles

A

The media offer role models who children can identify with and want to imitate.
the media provides very clear gender stereotypes that encourage children to learn gender roles through SLT.

35
Q

outline and evaluate 2 studies for the effect of media on gender roles(AO1)

A

-Furnham and Farragher (2000) showed that in TV adverts men shown in workplace in professional contexts. On the other hand, women are often seen as occupying familial roles/house work.suggests that the media may play a role in reinforcing widespread stereotypes relating to male and female behaviour.
-Williams et al (1986) surveyed the behaviours and attitudes of people in a town before and after introduction of television. gender stereotyped behaviours of the children increased. lacks control but closest to cause and effect.

36
Q

general evaluation for media and gender roles(AO3)

A

-correlational research. difficult to establish a cause and effect relationship between media and gender stereotypes. The media may show the social norms of its time. Difficult to measure in a controlled setting because gender is complex
-counter stereotyping. Pingree (1978) gender stereotyping was reduced when children shown TV adverts featuring women in non-stereotyped roles. However, for pre-adolescent boys’ stereotypes became stronger. This may be because pre-adolescent boys have a more developed and refined gender schema

37
Q

outline and evaluate 2 studies for the effect of culture on gender roles(AO1)

A

-(NURTURE) Mead et al immeresed herself in the societies she was studying. Investigated 3 tribes.Arapesh - the gender roles of men and women were similar, both being unaggressive and sensitive and of peaceful temperament.Mundugumor - where men and women were uncooperative, aggressive, insensitive and warlike.The women of the Tchambuli were described as dominant and economically and politically influential, unlike their submissive male counterparts who were considered ‘decorative’. may be language barriers,investigator effects and distorted perception.
-(NATURE)Munroe and Munroe (1975) found that in most societies the division of labour is organised along gender lines – men as ‘breadwinners’ and women as ‘nurturers’. Buss (1995) found that in 37 countries (across all continents) women sought male partners with wealth and resources, while men sought females that were youthful and physically attractive.

38
Q

general evaluation for culture and gender roles(AO3)

A
  • it is not as simple as nature or nurture. Gender roles are more complex than that. cross cultural research does not resolve the nature-nurture debate
  • ethnocentricsm and observer bias cross cultural research carried out by western researchers.they may impose their own cultural interests on the people they are studying. leads to flawed conclusions
39
Q

what do cross cultural studies show (nature and nurture)

A

-nurture->variation between cultures in the different roles taken on by men and women. due to environment u grew up in
-nature->would expect to find cultural similarities in the roles allocated to men and women. Nature argument

40
Q

What is brain sex theory. Include a facts.

A

Parts of the brain are sexually dimorphic(different in M + F)
These brain areas in GD ppl are more similar to their opposite sex rather than their own sex.

41
Q

Why is gender dysphoria(GID/GD) classified as a psychological disorder in DSM-5?

A

It causes a high level of distress and discomfort.Desire to change sex cc. Not all transgenders experience it.

42
Q

Twin study for biological explanation of GID.

A

Heylens et al (2012) compared 23 MZ twins with 21 DZ twins where one of each pair was diagnosed with GID.
They found that 9 (39%) of the MZ twins were concordant for GID compared to none of the DZs. This would indicate a role for genetic factors in the development of gender dysphoria.

43
Q

what is BSTc. Include 2 facts

A

-a sexually dimorphic part of the brain
-40% larger in males than females
-BSTc of FtM transexualsresemble cisgender male’s. VV. for MtF.
-

44
Q

evaluate the bio explanation for GID

A

-biologically reductionist-oversimplifies gender
-twin studies lack validity. Twins may have GID due to growing up in similar environments and being treated similarly(nature and nurture)

45
Q

state the social constructionism theory
(part of the psychoanalytic theory)

A

-Gender identity is a construct of society
-Gender dysphoria arises due to society forcing a binary choice of male/female on people which forces them to behave accordingly

46
Q

Social explanation for Gender dysphoria

A

-A boy experiences separation anxiety before gender identity is established
-Boy Fantasies of a symbiotic fusion with mother to reduce anxiety.
-Boy becomes the mother so adopts a woman’s gender identity.

47
Q

what does research show about gender dysphoric males and overly close mother-son relationships?

A

They describe overly close mother-son relationships
leads to greater female identification and a confused gender identity in the long term

48
Q

Research support for social explanation of GID

A

McClintock- The sambia ppl originally had 3 genders-male, female and females to males.
-when they were introduced to western culture, FtM were judged as having a pathological condition-gender dysphoria
-shows that GID individuals are labelled as outcasts, due to nurture and not accepting people for who they are

49
Q

Evaluate the social explanation for GID

A

-evidence is subjective, separation anxiety is hard to analyse-cannot be tested by hypothesis testing, so lack of valid support
-Ignores the effect of nature, some people are biologically predisposed to develop GID. An interactionist approach should be taken, which combines bio and social exp.

50
Q

what is the cognitive explanation of gender

A

we are born without understanding gender and we develop an understanding of gender through our childhood via mental processes
brain maturation occurs as we develop an understanding of gender

51
Q

Kholbergs theory supports the…

A

nature and nurture debate

52
Q

according to kholberg’s theory, our understanding of gender is refined(improved) by…

A

-brain maturation
-nurture— childhood experiences
-as our brain gets bigger and more complex

53
Q

difference between gender constancy and gender stability

A

Gender constancy- Understand that gender remains constant in different contexts/situations(girls can play football)–also identify with a same sex modele.g parent and adopt gender stereotypical behaviour
Gender stability- Understand that gender is stable over time. Boys grow up into men and female grow up into women
(gender labelling is neither(2-3yrs))

54
Q

Research support for kholberg’s theory

A

Slaby and Frey correlational study
(2-5yrs)
- tested children’s understanding of gender by using questions related to labelling, stability, constancy
- tested how much children paid attention to same-gender models
positive correlation between paying attention to same sex models and correctly answering answers about gender stability and gender constancy
older children with constancy payed more attention to same sex role models
supports Kholberg’s theory that children must acquire gender constancy before imitating gender stereotypical behaviour

55
Q

Limitations of kholberg’s theory

A

-Slaby and frey research lacks methodological issues, used self report technique and interviews on 2-5 yr old. They were too young so may have been blabbing nonsense ans thought it was a game, and may have not understood interview questions. This is the only research support for kholbergs theory-lacks internal validity, and objectivity.(flawed research methods)
-individual differences when acquiring stages, in slaby and frey study, gender constany was acquired as young as 3 years old, gender labelling as old as 5 yrs. however kholberg’s theory has fixed ages. Shows that stages may occur at any time, may be due to different factor. Bauer found that girls aged two showed no preference between “masculine” behaviours like building a house or “feminine” behaviours like making breakfast. In contrast, boys were significantly more likely to imitate a masculine behaviour. this is because when boys imitate female behaviour they are punished more harshly than girls

a level psychology (10 decks)

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