Research methods

Question 1

one tailed test

Answer 1

directional hypothesis

Question 2

two tailed test

Answer 2

non-directional hypothesis

Question 3

nominal data is…

Answer 3

frequency count data e.g. tally chart
can be categorised
qualitative data
e.g. ethnicity

Question 4

ordinal data is…

Answer 4

can be categorised and ranked in order
qualitative data
e.g. Top 5 Olympic medallists

Question 5

interval data is…

Answer 5

Can be categorised, ranked and spaced with intervals
quantitative data
e.g. test scores

Question 6

What is peer review

Question 7

A type ll error is…

Answer 7

when the null hypothesis is wrongly accepted. Di

Question 8

A type l error is….

Question 9

The levels of IV are…

Answer 9

the different versions of the IV/how many IVs there are

Question 10

what is hypothesis testing?
(feature of science, FOS)

Answer 10

It uses scientific methods to test the hypothesis. It tests if there is a cause and effect relationship

Question 11

(FOS) Empirical evidence is….

Answer 11

when information is collected through direct observation

Question 12

(FOS) Falsifiability is…

Answer 12

To test a hypothesis, it must be able to be proven false. If it is non-falsifiable then it’s not scientific

Question 13

(FOS) Replicability is…

Answer 13

replicating a study and getting the same results.

Question 14

experimental group vs control group

Answer 14

experimental-Levels of IV is manipulated
control- Levels of IV is not manipulated

Question 15

extraneous variable

Answer 15

variable other than IV that affects DV

Question 16

confounding variable

Answer 16

type of extraneous variable. It varies with levels of IV

Question 17

internal validity is…

Answer 17

when a test measures what it claims to measure

Question 18

two ways of assessing the internal validity of a test

Answer 18

-face validity
-concurrent validity

Question 19

face validity is when…

Answer 19

when a test APPEARS to measure what it claims to measure

Question 20

concurrent validity is…

Answer 20

compare results of a test to a previous test of the same behaviour, known to be valid.
Similar results=concurrent validity
different results=no validity

Question 21

reliability is…

Answer 21

the consistency of a measure

Question 22

(FOS)What is a paradigm and paradigm shift?

Answer 22

A paradigm is a example or pattern of something like a model. In science, it’s the set of practices that defines a scientific discipline at any particular period of time. A ‘paradigm shift’ happens when there’s a major change in the concepts and practices that shape the scientific discipline. It’s like when everyone thought the Earth was the centre of the universe and then they realised the Sun was. That shift changed how people viewed and studied the universe

Question 23

Manipulating the IV means that…

Answer 23

Researchers are intentionally changing or varying the IV to see what effect it has on the DV. It’s like adjusting the volume on your phone to see how it affects your friend’s reaction —-turning it up to see if they dance or down to see if they calm

Question 24

state the 3 types of extraneous variables

Answer 24

-situational variables
-investigator effects
-participant variables

Question 25

participant variables is...

Answer 25

individual differences/personal characteristics that influence behaviour and affect the study

Question 26

Investigator effects is when...

Answer 26

when a (personal characteristic of)researcher influences the results of a study/how the participants act. Expectations of researcher may change how they behave, leading to investigator effects.

Question 27

situational variables is...

Answer 27

external factors that could influence the behaviour of participants. e.g. the weather

Question 28

Demand characteristics is...

Answer 28

-A type of situational variable -hints that enable participants to GUESS the aims of a study -participants act in a way they wouldn't normally do

Question 29

effect of uncontrolled extraneous variables

Answer 29

reduces reliability and validity

Question 30

participant variables are controlled by...

Answer 30

matching(may be time consuming) ---> Making sure a particular characteristic of the participants is divided equally across experimental and control groups) random allocation participants ate assigned by random to different groups

Question 31

situational and investigator effects are controlled by....

Answer 31

standardisation when researchers make an extraneous variable the same for all participants, e.g. sitting on the same type of chair -so that validity and reliability increase.

Question 32

A single blind study is....

Answer 32

Participant does not know what experimental group they are in -reduced demand characteristics

Question 33

A double blind study is ...

Answer 33

-neither participant nor researcher know who is in the experimental group -reduces investigator effects and demand c.

Question 34

external validity is...

Answer 34

whether results generalise to other people and situations. Also, if the sample is representative of the population

Question 35

state the 3 types of external validity

Answer 35

-temporal validity -ecological validity -population validity

Question 36

define each type of external validity

Answer 36

--ecological validity-when results of a study generalise to how people behave in REAL LIFE context --temporal - When the results generalise across time. ---population- results generalise to other populations

Question 37

systematic sampling is... pros/cons

Answer 37

picking ever nth person from an entire population pro-representative con-time consuming

Question 38

stratified sampling is... pros/cons

Answer 38

sample has the same proportions of each subgroup of the total population STEPS: -identify subgroups within population -identify how many people are needed in each subgroup according to proportions of original population - sample randomly until they get the number for each subgroup pro-representative con-time consuming

Question 39

types of sampling

Answer 39

-random(every person has an equal chance of being selected) -volunteer -opportunity -stratified -systematic

Question 40

median

Answer 40

The midpoint of the scores, when placed in numerical order from low to high.

Question 41

mean

Answer 41

Calculated by adding together every score from the data set, and dividing by the number of scores.

Question 42

mode

Answer 42

The most common score in a data set

Question 43

range

Answer 43

subtract lowest score from highest score

Question 44

standard deviation

Answer 44

how much scores deviate from the mean

Question 45

correlation

Answer 45

shows how closely linked two sets of scores are