Gender

Question 1

Robin Lakoff

Answer 1

Women are socialised to be submissive and polite, therefore women language is weak and uses features such as hedges, tags ‘weak’ modifiers and intensifiers

Deficit Model

Question 2

O’Barr and Atkins

Answer 2

Researched courtroom transcripts and found that powerless language is determined by status not gender.

Question 3

Pamela Fishman

Answer 3

Women have to do conversational ‘shitwork’ such as using tag question such as using tag questions and monitoring devices, in order to get men to take part in conversations.

Question 4

Deborah Tannen

Answer 4

Men and women communicate differently and therefore have difficulty communicating with each other - for example men are more direct then women and therefore see conversations as transactional whereas women see them more as intersectional. Women offer sympathy whereas men offer solutions to problems.

Difference model

Question 5

Deborah Cameron

Answer 5

Differences between individuals are more significant than gender difference; the differences between mens language and women language are tiny and insignificant, but are often exaggerated. We should look at other factors rather than gender.

Diversity model

Question 6

Essentialism

Answer 6

Males and females are biologically determined to behave in certain ways - our genetic and psychological gender makeup is deep rooted and fixed at the centre of our being.
(Is completely untrue, no factual evidence points towards this)

Question 7

Brown and Nelson

Answer 7

Suggested that women could be more successful in business if they spoke less and used language more directly.

Deficit model

Question 8

Otto Jesperson

Answer 8

Argued that women are too vailed and indirect anmd have a degrading effect on language

deficit model