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English language > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Deixis

A

The phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. e.g. “Look at THIS”.

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2
Q

Personal pronoun

A

Refers to a particular person, group or thing e.g. You, He I, She, It etc

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3
Q

Possessive pronoun

A

Takes the place of the noun to show ownership e.g. mine, yours

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4
Q

Reflexive pronoun

A

The subject and the object are the same thing e.g. yourself, myself

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5
Q

Demonstrative pronoun

A

Used to talk about something specific e.g. these, those,this,that

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6
Q

Relative Pronoun

A

Pronouns used to introduce a relative clause e.g. who, that, which

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7
Q

Intertextuality

A

When text makes a reference to another text for effect.

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8
Q

Determiner

A

A word that comes before a noun or noun phrase to clarify if the noun is specific or general. e.g. ‘THE chicken’

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9
Q

Indefinite article

A

Determiner- Introduces a general version of a noun e.g. “AN ostrich would beat A chicken in A race”

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10
Q

Definite article

A

Determiner- Introduces a specific noun e.g. “we went to THE best restaurant in town”

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11
Q

Quantifier

A

Determiner- Indicates how much/little or a noun e.g. “Do you want THIS piece of chicken”

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12
Q

Demonstrative

A

Determiner- Provides information about which specific noun e.g. “She liked ALL desserts equally”

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13
Q

Possessive

A

Determiner- Introduces a noun that belongs to somebody e.g. “This is HIS house”

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14
Q

Preposition

A

Words to show the location of a noun

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15
Q

Co-ordinating conjunction

A

A linking word which connects independent clauses or phrases, giving equal importance to each section (FANBOYS)

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16
Q

Subordinating conjunction

A

A linking word which connects an independent clause with a subordinate clause e.g. because, before, despite, even though

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17
Q

Abstract noun

A

The lexis which refers to states, feelings and concepts that do not have a physical existence

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18
Q

Concrete noun

A

The lexis that refers to things with a physical existence

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19
Q

Material verb

A

The lexis that refers to a physical action

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20
Q

Mental verb

A

The lexis that shows an internal process e.g. thinking

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21
Q

Relational verb

A

The verb which shows state of being e.g. be, appear, seem

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22
Q

Dynamic verb

A

The lexis which describes actions we can take, or things that happen; they have a continuous form e.g. Chis is KICKING the ball”

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23
Q

Stative verb

A

The lexis which describes states/conditions unlikely to change (possession, feeling, perception, mental processes, identity); typically, they do not have a continuous form e.g. “Chris is HAVING a car”

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24
Q

Attributive adjective

A

Adjectives placed before the head noun e.g. the dangerous animal

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25
Q

Predicative adjective

A

Adjectives placed after the head noun e.g. the day was good

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26
Q

Superlative adjective

A

Adjectives that express the highest quality of something e.g. most beautiful

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27
Q

Comparative adjective

A

An adjective that makes a comparison between two things e.g. more beautiful

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28
Q

What is amelioration?

A

A process where a word or phrase develops more positive connotations

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29
Q

What is pejoration?

A

A process where a word or phrase develops more negative connotations

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30
Q

What is archaic language?

A

Old fashioned language which isn’t typically used any more

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31
Q

What is broadening?

A

A type of semantic change where the meaning of a word becomes broader or more inclusive

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32
Q

What is narrowing?

A

A type of semantic change where the meaning of a word becomes narrower or less inclusive

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33
Q

What is a neologism?

A

New words that enter the language

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34
Q

What is an Acronym?

A

An abbreviation consisting of initial letters which then create a new word

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35
Q

What is an initialism?

A

An abbreviation consisting of initial letters pronounced separately

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36
Q

What is an eponym?

A

A person after whom a discovery, invention, place, book, etc., is named

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37
Q

What is a compound word?

A

A word which is caused by two or more full words being joined together

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38
Q

What is a blend word?

A

Where two or more words are joined together but parts are omitted E.g. Skort

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39
Q

What is Truncation?

A

Shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables e.g. Deli (delicatessen)

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40
Q

What is affixation?

A

When an affix (e.g. UNtie) is added to create a new word

41
Q

What is denotation?

A

The literal meanings of words

42
Q

What is an antonym?

A

Words which mean opposite things

43
Q

What is a synonym?

A

Words which mean the same thing

44
Q

What is a collocation?

A

a word or phrase that is often used with another word or phrase, in a way that sounds correct to people who have spoken the language all their lives, but might not be expected from the meaning:
In the phrase “a hard frost”, “hard” is a collocation of “frost” and “strong” would not sound natural.

45
Q

What is an idiom?

A

An expression where the meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements

break a leg

46
Q

What is a Euphemism?

A

Using a more socially acceptable word or phrase

47
Q

What is a Dysphemism?

opposite of eupemism

A

Using a blunt or direct word instead of a more polite or indirect alternative

48
Q

What is Anaphora?

A

The deliberate repetition of the first part of a clause/sentence

49
Q

What is Epistrophe?

A

The deliberate repetition of the last part of a clause/sentence

50
Q

What is Morphology?

A

The smallest unit of language – this could be a root word or a collection of letters

51
Q

What is an inflectional morpheme?

A

A type of suffix which shows either plurality or verb tense

-s. -ed. -ing

52
Q

What is a derivational morpheme?

A

A type of affix which changes the meaning of the root word

53
Q

What is a Noun Phrase?

A

A noun with adjectives and/or determiner

54
Q

What is a Verb Phrase?

A

A verb with an auxiliary or modal verb

55
Q

What is an Adverbial?

A

A phrase which adds further information to the verb, typically specifying place or time

56
Q

What is a Fronted Adverbial?

A

An adverbial phrase which has been moved to the front of the sentence and is usually separated from the main clause with a comma E.g. All night long, we danced.

57
Q

What is an Auxiliary Verb?

A

A verb which precedes the main verb to form part of a verb phrase – they can be categorised as primary and modal E.g. Have, Might

58
Q

What is a Modal Auxiliary Verb?

A

A verb which shows degrees of certainty, desirability obligation – they cannot occur alone

59
Q

What is Deontic Modality?

A

Expressions that highlight a sense of obligation or necessity

60
Q

What is Epistemic Modality?

A

Expressions that highlight degrees of possibility

61
Q

What is Boulomaic Modality?

A

Expressions that highlight wishes and desires

62
Q

What is a Subordinate Clause?

A

A clause which is not complete by itself and as such, cannot form an independent sentence

63
Q

What is a Conditional Clause?

A

A specific type of subordinate clause which express an imagined situation or condition and the possible result of that situation – it is usually introduced with either if or unless

64
Q

What is a Relative Clause?

A

A specific type of subordinate clause which adds more information to the noun and is usually introduced with a relative pronoun

65
Q

What is Pragmatics?

A

Exploring how contextual factors such as background knowledge influence meaning

66
Q

What is a Tag Question?

A

A short question added at the end of a sentence, often inviting agreement with the speaker. Sometimes seen to be used as seeking reassurance

67
Q

What is Hedging?

A

A word or phrase that makes a statement less forceful or assertive.

68
Q

What is Presupposition?

A

Any information which is taken for granted within discourse

69
Q

Disjunct

A

An adverb that modifies the whole sentence e.g. basically, unfortunately

70
Q

Mitigated imperative

A

A command with added politeness feature

71
Q

Declarative

A

A sentence that makes a statement

72
Q

Interrogative

A

A sentence that asks a question

73
Q

Imperative

A

A sentence that gives a command

74
Q

Referential adjective

A

Expresses a fact about a noun e.g. red

75
Q

Evaluative adjective

A

Expresses something that is debatable about a noun e.g. funny

76
Q

Exclamatory

A

A sentence expressing an exclamation of strong emotion or surprise

77
Q

Passive voice

A

The object (done to) of the verb comes first and the subject is either second or absent. By zombies test

78
Q

Minor sentence

A

A sentence that contains ono verb or only a verb

79
Q

Proper noun

A

Identifies a particular person place or thing (usually has a capital letter)

80
Q

Elision

A

slurring or missing out a part of a word e.g. “cause” rather than because”

81
Q

Ellipsis

A

The omission of part of a grammatical structure. e.g. “might do” rather than “ I might do”

82
Q

Adjecentcy pairs

A

Parallel phrases used across the boundaries of individual speaking turns. They are usually ritualistic and formulaic socially e.g How are you? & Im good thank you

83
Q

Back-channelling

A

Words, phrases and non-verbal utterances used by a listener to give feedback to a speaker that the message if being followed and understood.

84
Q

Compound sentence

A

Contains two or more independent clauses linked by co-ordinating conjunctions.

85
Q

Comment clause

A

A short clause which expresses an attitude to the rest of the sentence e.g. I think

86
Q

Relative clause

A

A clause which acts like an adjective to describe a noun, usually being with “which, who or that” e.g. my friend, who has red hair…

87
Q

Simple sentence

A

Contains only one clause

88
Q

Complex sentence

A

Contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause

89
Q

Subordinate clause

A

Clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence

90
Q

Minor sentence

A

A sentence that contains no verb or only a verb

91
Q

Compound complex sentence

A

Contains air least two independent clause and at least one subordinate clause

92
Q

Quotative

A

Introduces a quote e.g. he said

93
Q

Filler

A

Fills a pause in speech; can be verbal (like, yeah) or non-verbal (er, um)

94
Q

High frequency lexis

A

Words that are used often and will be understood by most people

95
Q

Low frequency lexis

A

Words that aren’t used often and so might not be understood by everyone

96
Q

Monitoring device

A

A feature that is used to check that the listener is paying attention

97
Q

Disjunct

A

An adverb that modifies the whole sentence e.g. basically

98
Q

Discourse marker

A

Signals a change of topic e.g. so anyway

99
Q

Hedge

A

Softens an utterance

English language (6 decks)

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