gender

Question 1

T/F: virtually all cultures have expectations based on gender

Answer 1

true:(

Question 2

sex assigned at birth based on

Answer 2

objectively measured biological organs, hormones, chromosomes

Question 3

gender/gender identity

Answer 3

person’s sense of self as gendered

Question 4

gender expression

Answer 4

how person demonstrates gender

Question 5

sexual orientation

Answer 5

who person is attracted to

Question 6

infants/toddlerhood on discrimination of gender

Answer 6

-can discriminate between male & female but focus on superficial cues (e.g. long hair, clothes)
-some awareness of gender-stereotypes

Question 7

evidence of awareness of gender-stereotypes in infants/toddlers

Answer 7

-look longer at own-gender stereotyped toys
-look longer at gender-inconsistent pictures

Question 8

kohlberg’s cognitive development theory of gender

Answer 8

in stages; inspired by piaget
gender identity (2-2.5 years); gender stability (3-4 years); gender consistency (5-7 years)

Question 9

at what stage of kohlberg’s theory do children think about gender identity inconsistently?

Answer 9

gender identity (2-2.5 years); changes in cognitive development; shifts in thinking about gender (not consistent everyday)

Question 10

at what stage of kohlberg’s theory do children start thinking about gender as stable across time?

Answer 10

gender stability (3-4 years)

Question 11

at what stage of kohlberg’s theory do children start thinking about gender as stable across contexts/situations?

Answer 11

gender consistency (5-7 years)

Question 12

which stage of kohlberg’s theory is the similar age to which children can pass conservation tasks?

Answer 12

gender consistency (5-7 years)

Question 13

childhood on gender

Answer 13

-changes in cognitive development: shifts in thinking about gender
-shift from gender essentialism to thinking of gender roles as socially influenced
-increase in knowledge of gender stereotypes

Question 14

gender essentialism

Answer 14

the way kids think that gender must be expressed in a gender-specific way (essence that determines your behaviour vs social influence)

Question 15

when is the peak of gender essentialism?

Answer 15

5-7 years

Question 16

adolescence on gender

Answer 16

-gender-role intensification (early/middle adolescence; more common in behaviour)
-gender-role flexibility (later adolescence; more in beliefs)

Question 17

gender-role intensification

Answer 17

heightened concern about adhering to traditional gender roles (adolescence) (early/middle adolescence; more common in behaviour)

Question 18

gender-role flexibility

Answer 18

allowing for traditional gender conventions to be transcended (adolescence) (later adolescence; more in beliefs)

Question 19

more variation ___ genders than between genders on self esteem

Answer 19

within

Question 20

physical gender/sex differences at stages of life

Answer 20

-few in infancy/childhood
-puberty (physical, primary & secondary sex characteristics)
-increase in sex-linked differences

Question 21

cognitive gender/sex differences

Answer 21

iq tests: girls at verbal tasks; boys at spatial tasks
academic achievement: girls have better grades/school performance; more positive feelings about school to put in more effort

Question 22

gender/sex differences in play

Answer 22

-toys: girls more likely to play with dolls, kitchen sets, dress-up; boys with action figures, construction toys, video games
-style of play: cooperative vs competition
-fantasy play: heroes vs family
-size of play: more people (boys); smaller group (girls)

Question 23

gender/sex differences in emotions

Answer 23

-girls report expressing more emotions (not anger)
-girls appear better at emotion regulation at earlier ages
-mental health: girls more likely to experience depression, low self-esteem

Question 24

gender/sex differences: interpersonal (aggression/altruism)

Answer 24

aggression: boys more likely to engage in direct aggression; mixed findings on indirect/relational aggression
altruism: girls more likely to show kindness to others

Question 25

influences on gender development

Answer 25

biological influences, social & cultural influences, cognitive influences (gender understanding, self-socialization, gender identity)

Question 26

self-socialization & gender identity

Answer 26

learning from our own understanding; shaping our gender through our own internal understanding of it

Question 27

evolutionary psychology theories explain that gender differences exist because

Answer 27

they would have been adaptive for survival

Question 28

congenital adrenal hyperplasia & research on it

Answer 28

intersex; genetic female (XX) with high levels of androgen & male parts more likely to show traditionally "male" behaviour

Question 29

gender differences in brain structure and function

Answer 29

hard to tell for adults (experiences shape brain development?) and children (methodically difficult to study)

Question 30

social learning & social cognitive theories on gender development (2)

Answer 30

-observational learning (modeling) (e.g. mom putting on makeup may be modelled by daughter) -reinforcement (e.g. crying son not reinforced)

Question 31

microsystem influences on gender development

Answer 31

family structures, how school treats kids

Question 32

mesosystem (connections) influences on gender development

Answer 32

teachers' vs parents' ideas; siblings and parents (different messages to different siblings)

Question 33

exosystem influences on gender development

Answer 33

work policies (differences in pay); boys' night vs girls' night;

Question 34

macrosystem influences on gender development

Answer 34

values in clothing, uniforms; naming/labels (athletes vs female athletes); how gender is presented in mass media

Question 35

chronosystem influences on gender development

Answer 35

60s vs now; mens' mental health convos; social media

Question 36

cognitive influences on gender development

Answer 36

-Kohlberg's cognitive development theory -gender schema theory

Question 37

gender schema theory

Answer 37

mental representations of gender -as soon as children can identify gender, use this to guide their behaviour and understanding of the world (clock example) -memories are more accurate when they fit gender stereotypes -schemas are active constructions

Question 38

when are memories more accurate?

Answer 38

when they fit gender stereotypes (e.g. boy firefighter vs girl firefighter)

Question 39

transyouth project

Answer 39

examining socially-transitioned trans children; Gülgöz et al. (2019)

Question 40

Gülgöz et al. (2019)

Answer 40

examining gender development in trans and cisgender children -trans youth slightly slower at pairing together words with the gender identity they don't identify with -gender identity and expression very similar with control; variability within the groups

Question 41

gender stereotypes by cis and trans children

Answer 41

-similarity in use of gender stereotypes by trans and cisgender children

Question 42

who is more likely to think of gender as less stable?

Answer 42

trans youth

Question 43

mental health with socially transitioned trans children compared to controls and siblings and not socially transitioned trans children

Answer 43

youth that have transitioned may have better mental health outcomes which match up with controls and siblings rates

Question 44

current research beyond binary

Answer 44

determinimg how to measure non-binary identity in children, examining mental health outcomes between cis, trans, non-bin