language & communication

Question 1

language

Answer 1

system of symbols used to communicate

Question 2

form of language

Answer 2

phonemes, morphemes, syntax

Question 3

content of language

Answer 3

semantics

Question 4

use of language

Answer 4

pragmatics

Question 5

by 10-12 months, infants __ and ___ the sounds of their language(s)

Answer 5

discriminate; produce

Question 6

by 2 years, vocab is

Answer 6

200-500 words

Question 7

by 18 months, children can

Answer 7

begin combining words

Question 8

egocentric speech

Answer 8

piaget’s theory that children’s monologues are a reflection of children’s egocentric thinking

Question 9

collective monologues

Answer 9

when two+ individuals are speaking together but not for the purpose of each other

Question 10

piaget on speech development

Answer 10

egocentric speech to social speech

Question 11

vygotsky on children’s speech and development

Answer 11

private speech is important and useful for our cognition; speech from others->private speech->inner speech

Question 12

private speech

Answer 12

Vygotsky’s theory that private speech drives thinking, serves purpose of self-regulation & planning, used more in difficult tasks (hockey boy)

Question 13

modern research supports whose speech theory more?

Answer 13

Vygotsky’s private speech

Question 14

T/F: children are good at taking related turns in early childhood

Answer 14

false; steadily improves

Question 15

young children (1-3) initially tend to __ failed communication

Answer 15

repeat

Question 16

older children (3-5) are more likely to ___ failed communication

Answer 16

repair

Question 17

registers

Answer 17

different styles of language associated with particular settings/roles

Question 18

over __ of the world’s pop. is bilingual

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

simultaneous/ crib bilinguals

Answer 19

learning 2 languages from birth

Question 20

sequential bilinguals

Answer 20

learn one language first then a 2nd

Question 21

code-switching/code-mixing appropriately done by age __

Answer 21

2-4 years

Question 22

research suggests that bilingual children are __ able to detect conversational violations; evidence

Answer 22

better; game? 1. name vs 2. football

Question 23

historically (1920s-1950s), bilingualism thought of as __

Answer 23

bad :( cuz scoring lower on IQ cognitive assessments

Question 24

in 1962, Peal & Lambert found __ when __ which led to__

Answer 24

bilingual children were greater in cognitive abilities (including mental flexibility); evenly matched bilingual and monolingual samples; rethinking of previous opinion

Question 25

bilingual advantages

Answer 25

-perspective taking/ToM (small red car) -executive function (not perseverating (red truck blue flower))

Question 26

perseverating

Answer 26

stick on the first rule and not adapt to second rule

Question 27

T/F: bilingualism is not associated with an advantage for everything

Answer 27

true

Question 28

registers and pragmatics relationship

Answer 28

registers is a part of pragmatics

Question 29

gesture

Answer 29

body and face actions that accompany language

Question 30

typical first gestures in children

Answer 30

pointing, symbolic gestures (thumbs up/phone), pantomime (e.g. unscrewing lid)

Question 31

beat gesture

Answer 31

waving/gesturing hands while speaking

Question 32

beat gestures appear around ages

Answer 32

2-5

Question 33

T/F: gestures are also used in sign languages along with the actual signs

Answer 33

true

Question 34

gestures could be a predictor of __

Answer 34

vocabulary

Question 35

gesture-speech mismatches can reflect

Answer 35

verge of learning; development is happening but not yet (gestures reflect thought)

Question 36

kids who do gesture-speech mismatches would benefit most from

Answer 36

instruction on that task since they are at cusp of learning

Question 37

"a window into our cognition" also known as

Answer 37

gestures

Question 38

example of a test researchers might give kids to test gesture matching even if they get this wrong most of the time

Answer 38

mathematical equivalence (5+3+4=__+4)

Question 39

results of mathematical equivalence training

Answer 39

children who gesture match have less success with training; children who gesture mismatch have more success post training

Question 40

gestures can help "______" based on the proof that when children gesture during learning, they ______

Answer 40

lighten the load; remember more

Question 41

physical action vs concrete gesture vs abstract gesture (Novack et al. (2014))

Answer 41

1. physically moving the numbers 2. pretending to move the numbers 3. pointing to numbers

Question 42

Novack et al. (2014) examined what

Answer 42

impact of gesture vs physical action (mathematical equivalence)

Question 43

Novack et al. (2014) found which gesture is best for generalization?

Answer 43

abstract gesture

Question 44

Novack et al. (2014) found what about all actions/gestures?

Answer 44

they are all good for learning but abstract gesture is best for generalization