Gender

Question 1

Stanley

Answer 1

-woman have more negative language references than men
-200 for women/ 20 for men
-negative semantic space
-males have unmarked forms considered more important

Question 2

Holmes

Answer 2

-animal imagery, less positive for men than women
-food imagery, more exclusive to females and have negative connotations

Question 3

Mills

Answer 3

-dessert metaphors to refer to women
-women are to be consumed

Question 4

Hoey

Answer 4

-lexical priming
-corpus used to investigate what words are commonly used in relation to another and with each other

Question 5

Spender

Answer 5

-dominance theory
-male as the norm
-male created language so men are the centre of it, have more power

Question 6

Zimmerman and West

Answer 6

-dominance theory
-mixed sex conversations, men more likely to interrupt than women
-46 male interruptions in conversation than 2 female

Question 7

Pamela Fishman

Answer 7

-dominance theory
-conversational ‘shitwork’
-tag questions common 4x more common, at start of conversations to maintain dialogue with males
-females keep dialogue going

Question 8

Robin Lakoff

Answer 8

-deficit theory
-women disadvantaged by having to adopt different forms to seem less confident
-hesitation/approval/politeness
-male language is norm and other language is the deficit

Question 9

Deborah Tannen

Answer 9

-difference theory
-men/ women use language in specific ways- socialised differently
-not specifically cause men have more power then women but due to the fact genders want different things out of their conversations
-independence v intimacy (men= alone/women=support)
-status v support (men=competitive/women=support)
-advice v understanding (men=demand for solution/women= empathy)
-information v feelings (men=facts/women=emotion)
-orders v proposals (men=direct/women=hidden)
-conflict v compromise (men=argue/women=middle ground)

Question 10

Janet Hyde

Answer 10

-no difference theory
-75% of differences are small/not existing
-challenges linguistic differences
-exaggerated claims=harm

Question 11

Deborah Cameron

Answer 11

-no difference theory
-gender language differences=false
-stories to explain identity, shapes beliefs/influence actions
-Mars and Venus

Question 12

Keith and Shuttleworth

Answer 12

-same-sex conversations
-men=swear more/no emotion talk/competitive
-women=talk more/polite/cooperative

Question 13

Moore

Answer 13

-walked up+ down broadway
-women=opposite sex/clothes/buildings
-men=money/business/amusement
-biological differences

Question 14

Bischoping

Answer 14

-differences in conversations have narrowed over time
-work/money discussed in both groups

Question 15

Deborah Jones

Answer 15

-all female talk= gossip, 4 main categories
-house talk= exchange info about women role
-scandal= judging others
-bitching= express anger/complaint
-chatting= trusting/talk honesty about feelings