World Englishes

Question 1

Models

Answer 1

-L1-first language
-L2- second language
-EFL- english as foreign language, taught as L2
-Global language- special role language recognised by high number of countries
-Official language- used by government/media/education

Question 2

Lingua Franca

Answer 2

-language between two speakers who do not share same common native language

Question 3

Jennifer Jenkins

Answer 3

-common characteristics of english as lingua franca
1-mutually intelligible language
2-alternative to EFL
3-contain elements of SE/local forms
4-accomodation/codeswitching
5-proficiency can be high/low

Question 4

American Influence

Answer 4

-threat to british english
-Crystal= americanisms, invasion/plague
-provides jargon/vernacular not intelligent enough to invent (e’g’ criminal/showbiz/psychiatric)
-late 16/17th
-permanent settlement in virginia
-immigrants had range of lang varieties

Question 5

AAVE (African-American Vernacular English)

Answer 5

-developed from colonised planation’s in US
-contributed more to modern day english than most dialects through popularisation of music/culture
-blues/jazz music- uptight/get down
-hiphop/rap/colloquialism- high five/you go girl
-AAVE most stigmatised english forms

Question 6

Singlish (Standard and Colloqualised Singapore English)

Answer 6

-new dialect spoken
-native chinese/malay language, but more shift to native english use
-government promotes english in schools
-most features based on chinese grammar
-colloquialiisms- if fast, becomes incomprehensible
-other postcolonial forms of english not different from BE in grammar (indian)

Question 7

Beginning of English

Answer 7

-root language of angles+saxons= anglosaxon
-‘england’, king alfred angleland
-not firmly established
-church used latin until norman invasion then french
-english language of common people
-15th=ruling elite use english
-14th-17th=used for teaching/law/religion
-18th=grammar/spelling books

Question 8

English across the UK

Answer 8

-before telecommunication, spread at speed of fastest transport (horseback)
-first across british isles then americas then other territories
-british isles= celtic language existed everywhere
-english went into wales in 8th but 12th significant speaking population
-irish still dominant until great famine, people moved to urban areas with large english speakers

Question 9

English across the World

Answer 9

-early 17th= north america
-17th= caribbean
-late 15th= west africa
-mid 19th= east africa
-early 19th=south africa
-early 17th= india
-late 18th= australia
-late 18th= new zealand

Question 10

Peter Strevens

Answer 10

-english spreads from 2 main branches=american / british
-assume happened at same time
-does not show english as L1/L2
-heirarchry

Question 11

Kachru

Answer 11

-three circle model
-expanding circle= english recognised/ international language but no colonist history-L2 (china/egypt/nepal)
-outer circle=early phase of english spread, everyday language/ part of political profile-L2 (india/singapore/nigeria)
-inner circle=traditional bases of english-L1, has different purposes
-inner/outer= heirarchry, diversity
-crystal- expanded rather than expanding

Question 12

McArthur’s Circle of World Englishes

Answer 12

-world english=standard
-crowded
-out of date= cannot keep up with changing data
-not recognise complexities of multilinguism