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Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

Gender patterns

A

Key stages 1-3 girls consistently better
GCSE girls 10% points ahead
A Level girls more likely pass/higher grades
More girls go higher education

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2
Q

External factors for improvements

A

Influence of feminism
Girls changing perceptions and ambitions
Changes in the family
Changes in women’s employment

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3
Q

How has the influence of feminism led to change

A

Rejecting traditional stereotypes of women inferior in home/work
Impact womens rights and opportunities e.g. Equal pay, outlawing rape in marriage
Affected self image and aspirations motivating to do well

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4
Q

Why did Sharpe argue there was a change in girls perceptions and ambitions

A

W.C. Girls 70s priorities: love, marriage, children, job, careers
Saw future terms domestic role
90s priorities: careers and independence

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5
Q

Why did Francis argue there was a change in girls perceptions and ambitions

A

Girls higher career aspirations
Need educational qualifications
Impacts positive attitude

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6
Q

Why did Beck and Beck-Gernsheim argue there was a change in girls perceptions and ambitions

A

Independence valued more

Career part of a woman’s life project

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7
Q

Why did Fuller argue there was a change in girls perceptions and ambitions

A

Girls aimed professional career to support themselves

Many w.c. Girls with poor job prospectus stereotyped aspirations = attainable traditional identity offering status

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8
Q

Outline changes in the family impacting girls improvements

A

Increase divorce - 40% marriages
More LPF - 90% female headed
More cohabitation, decrease 1st marriages
Smaller families, more women staying single
Changes mean women need more economic opportunity to survive independently - more motivation do well

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9
Q

Changes in womens employment affect girls educational success

A

More employment opportunity
Womens employment risen
Changes in law: Equal Pay Act 1970, Sex Discrimination Act 1975
Since 1975 pay gap between genders 1/2
More incentive see future in paid work = more incentive gain qualifications

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10
Q

What are the statistics to show employment has risen in women

A

under 1/2 married women 50s, 3/4 today

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11
Q

Internal factors affecting success for girls

A 
Equal Opportunities Policies 
Role Models
Coursework 
Stereotypes in Materials 
Teacher Attention
Selection and League Tables
Identity Class and Girls Achievement
Success w.c. Girls
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12
Q

What are the equal opportunities policies improving girls education

A

GIST and WISE encourage girls in to science and technology
National Curriculum 1988 - largely study same subject
Result now more meritocratic. Girls equal opportunities able to do better

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13
Q

Evaluation of equal opportunities policies

A

When choice comes along boys and girls diverge from socialisation to certain roles

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14
Q

What are the role models improving girls education

A

More female teachers and headteachers - positive pro-educational role models
Presence ‘feminises’ learning environment and encourages girls see school part of gender domain.
Perceive educational success desirable feminine characteristic

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15
Q

Evaluation of role models

A

Is feminisation not just creating a disadvantage for boys ???
Reversing inequality ???
Not meritocratic ???

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16
Q

How is coursework improving girls education

A

Mitsos and Browne: girls do better more organised and conscientious
Mature earlier, concentrate for longer
Gorard: gender gap achievement increased when GCSEs introduced 1988, coursework major part of subjects

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17
Q

Evaluation of role of coursework

A

Elwood: exams have more influence on final grades, so the introduction of coursework had limited effect on gender differences

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18
Q

How is stereotypes in learning materials improving girls education

A

studies reading schemes, textbooks past women underrepresented, subordinate, in domestic roles
1980s - sexist images removed and replaced more positive images females, impact girls’ perception what women can do and raise aspirations

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19
Q

Where can stereotypes in learning materials link to

A

LINK TO EQUAL OPP AND IMPACT FEMINISMo

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20
Q

How is teacher attention improving girls education

A

Early studies - Spender teachers more time interacting with boys
French and French similar amounts attention academic reasons. Boys more attention = more punishments
Francis: boys discipline harshly, felt picked on

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21
Q

What does Swann say to support teacher attention

Study These Flashcards
A 
Swann
Boys dominant class discussions, girls prefer group work, better at listening and cooperating. Favours with teachers respond and encourage girls
22
Q

How are selection and league tables improving girls education

Study These Flashcards
A

Marketisation policies e.g. League tables competition between schools. Incentive recruit more able students boost results and table position

23
Q

How does Selection and League Tables link to girls

Study These Flashcards
A

Girls more successful = more attractive

Girls more likely places in successful schools = better education

24
Q

Feminist view on selection and league tables

Study These Flashcards
A

Liberals - welcome progress

Radical - remains patriarchal e.g. Sexual harassment, Limits choices

25
How is identity, class and girls achievement improving girls education
Archer: conflict feminine identities and schools habitus | Gain symbolic capital through peers or conform m.c. Ideals
26
What are the outcomes of identity, class and girls achievement improving girls education
Hyper Heterosexual Feminine Identity = glamorous, earn capital through peers = school conflict over appearance. School symbolic violence Boyfriends = capital get in way of work and lower aspirations Being loud = outspoken, assertive, teachers see it as aggressive Ladettes = tomboy 'nike' identity, sporty, truanting getting excluded
27
How is successful w.c. Girls improving girls education
Evans: girls want to go uni increase earning and help family Chose live at home reflecting w.c. feminine habitus Debt averse limited choices and future
28
Factors affecting boys under achievement
``` Literacy Feminisation of schooling Lack male role models at home Globalisation decline traditional jobs Laddish subcultures Policies ```
29
How does literacy impact on boys underachievement
Parents spend less time reading to sons = mainly mothers who read 'feminine activity' Boys leisure activities dont encourage language and communication, girls 'bedroom culture' does Language most important subject
30
How does globalisation and decline traditional mens jobs impact on boys underachievement
80s globalisation led manufacturing industry relocating developing countries Decline male employment 'male identity crisis' Believe little prospect = cease getting qualifications
31
Evaluation of globalisation and decline of traditional mens jobs
Traditional mens jobs need few qualifications, unlikely disappearance these jobs affect motivation obtain qualifications
32
How does feminisation of schooling impact on boys underachievement
Sewell: education feminised, no longer nurturing masculine traits e.g. Competitiveness or leadership Assessment feminised: coursework Lack male primary school teachers
33
Statistics on lack of male primary school teachers to support feminisation of schooling
1 in 6 teachers men Over 60% 8-11yr old bogs gave no lessons with male teachers Impression education feminine
34
Evaluation of feminisation of schooling
Read: women exert same disciplinary discourse as men | Disproving only male teachers provide strict classroom culture
35
Counter argument for evaluation of feminisation of schooling
Female teachers may adopt masculine discipline traits but is it effective
36
How does lack male role models at home impact on boys underachievement
Increase female headed LPF Many boys grow up lacking positive male role model Less likely see value employment and therefore qualifications
37
How does laddish subcultures impact on boys underachievement according to Francis
Francis: more concerned about being labelled swots, threatens masculine identity. W.c. Culture non-manual work (incl. schoolwork) inferior
38
How does laddish subcultures impact on boys underachievement according to Epstein
Pro-school w.c. bogs likely be harassed, labelled gay, subjected verbal abuse Girls move traditional masculine areas Boys more laddish identify non-feminine and leads underachievement
39
Evaluation of laddish subcultures
Connolly certain combinations of gender and class more effect on achievement
40
Policies to raise bous achievement
Use leisure interests and famous role models e.g. Raising Boys Achievement Project, Reading Champions Scheme
41
Evaluation of research boys under achieving
Moral Panic about boys - Ringrose neglects problems faced by girls
42
Patterns gender and subject choice
Different gendered routes National curriculum - where can pick differently e.g. DT Post 16 Education - more choice, bigger difference boys - science girls - english Vocational - 1% construction apprenticeships male
43
Explaining gender differences in subject choice
``` Early socialisation Gender domains Gendered subject image Gendered careers Gender identity and peer pressure ```
44
How does early socialisation explain gender differences in subject choice
Learning behaviours expected Family from early age dressed differently, different toys, boys rewarded being active, girls passive School: teachers encourage boys be tough girls clean, quiet (Byrne) Leisure reading boys chose hobby and info texts = prefer science. Girls about people = english (Murphy and Elwood)
45
How does gender domains explain gender differences in subject choice
Tasks/activities male/female territory e.g. Caring elderly = female View shaped early experiences and expectations of adults
46
How does Browne and Ross support gender domains
Browne and Ross | When set open-ended tasks e.g. Designing a boy boys designed battleships, girls cruise boats
47
How does gender domains affect subject choice
Feelings part of female domain = females choose humanities/English How things work part male domain = males choose science
48
How does early gendered subject explain gender differences in subject choice
Link to gender domain Subjects gender image - male or female E.g. Science taught by men, textbooks traditionally uses boys' interests as examples Seen masculine subject, part male gender domain = mainly taken by boys
49
How does gendered careers explain gender differences in subject choice
Many jobs seen either mens or womens Dominated 1 gender W.c. may make decisions about courses based on traditional gender identity
50
How does gender identity and peer pressure explain gender differences in subject choice
Others pressure individuals to conform Boys opt our music = negative peer response Girls pick sport = 'butch' 'lesbian' Link with subject image and gender domain = sport seen masculine, music feminine

Sociology Education (6 decks)

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