Gender Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
Theory: Baker
A
- said the honorific ‘ms’ is not favourable for women - has marked connotations - also girls is more commonly used than boys when referring to adults
2
Q
Theory: Pamela Fishman (1980)
A
- stated women carry out ‘interactions shift work’ , suggesting women are more supportive in conversations eg turn taking, tag questions, minimal response
3
Q
Theory: De Klerk
A
expletives used to exert masculine identity and power
4
Q
Theory: Julia Stanley (1977)
A
- negative semantic field for women exist - women carry a negative association with roles eg ‘women writer’
5
Q
Theory: Miller and Swift
A
- said women are often portrayed as emotional and irrational
6
Q
Theory: Ann Bodine
A
- suggest we live in a ‘androcentric society’ and men are seen as more dominant
7
Q
Theory: Muriel Schulz (1975)
A
- suggested terms related to women become pejorative over time - semantic derogation eg dog -> bitch
8
Q
Theory: The Deficit Model
A
- suggests language used by men is the norm - women’s language is judged; as as seen as lacking something - according to model: men = powerful language to gain control and women use tentative/powerless language
9
Q
Theory: Robin Lakoff
A
- researcher of The Deficit Model, - released a book in 1975 called “ language and women place”
10
Q
Gender bias
A
one gender being favoured
11
Q
Gender neutral language
A
using language to avoid creating a gender bias
12
Q
Default assumption
A
when we assume unless we are told
13
Q
Unmarked terms
A
the normal/neutral form of a word e.g. lion
14
Q
Marked terms
A
word that stands out from the norm e.g. lioness
15
Q
Hegemonic man
A
- athletic man - work orientated - competitive - dominant - unemotional
16
Q
Hegemonic women
A
- aesthetic women - domesticated - maternal - submissive - emotional
17
Q
Gender versus sex
A
gender - how you identify; masculine/feminine sex - biological differences; man/women
18
Q
Stereotyping
A
assigning a set of characteristics to a group (often negative connotations)
19
Q
Dominance model
A
Researchers: West and Zimmerman and Dale Spender - said women are dominated by men in conversations - men often interrupted women
20
Q
Difference model
A
Researcher: Deborah Tannen, 6 traits (w vs m) 1. Support vs. status 2. Understanding vs. advice 3. Feelings vs. information 4. Proposals vs. orders 5. Compromise vs. conflict 6. Intimacy vs. independence
21
Q
Theory: Peter Trudgill
A
- found men were less likely and women more likely to use prestige pronunciation of certain speech sounds - men= due to wanted to appear ‘tough’ - women tended towards hypercorrectness
22
Q
Theory: Janet Holmes
A
Tag Question Model - she contradicts The Deficit Model as she says both men and women use tag questions - says women use more Facilitative tags and men more Epistemic men = speaker oriented women = addressee oriented
23
Q
Model: Deborah Tannen
A
Researcher of The Difference Model
24
Q
Model: West and Zimmerman and Dale Spender
A
Researchers of The Dominance Model
25
Theory/model: Dale Spender
- she supports The Dominance Model says language is biased towards males; "man made language" - challenges view that women like to gossip, and men=talk and women=listen
26
Theory/model: D'Barr and Atkins
- they contest The Dominance Model - in court room: female lawyers= more assertive and interrupt - Lakoff's weak 'female' language was seen in both, so concluded this should be named 'powerless language' (shows importance on context)
27
Genderlect
- term coined by Deborah Tannen (difference model) to describe the way that the conversation of men and women is not right/wrong... just DIFFERENT
28
Theory/model: Geoffrey Beattie
- contradicts The Dominance Model - said interruption aren't necessarily a sign of dominance in every situation (depends on context)
29
Tag Questions, all
Researcher: Janet Holmes 2 types 1. Speaker Oriented tags: a. epistemic modal tags b. challenging tags 2. Addressee Oriented tags: a. facilitative tags b. softner tags
30
Tag question: Speaker oriented: Epistemic modal?
- to gain clarification if uncertain e.g. there are 4 types are tag questions, aren't there?
31
Tag question: Speaker oriented: Challenging?
- uses confrontation e.g. you did not listen, did you?
32
Tag question: Addressee oriented: Facilitative?
- encouraging others to participate in discourse e.g. that was a great gig, wasn't it?
33
Tag question: Addressee oriented: Softner?
- mitigates the force of the interrogative e.g. close the windows, could you?
34
support versus status - The Difference Model (AO2)
- tanner argues that men see the world competitively and speech is used to build status. - on the other hand, for women, the world is a network of connections - they often use language to seek and offer support
35
Advice versus understanding - The Difference Model (AO2)
- women tend to seek comfort and sympathy for their problems, thus showing more of an understanding; in contrast, men will often seek a solution of the problem. - Tannen claims that, to many men a complaint is a challenge to find a solution - eg when mother saids doesn’t feel well, father offers to take to doctors. however she is disappointed. he is focused on what he can do, but she wants sympathy
36
Information versus feelings - The Difference Model (AO2)
- Tannen states that men’s conversation is message-oriented, based upon communicating information. For women, conversation is much more important for building relationships and strengthening social links
37
Orders versus proposals - The Difference Model (AO2)
- Men will use direct imperatives and orders “close the door” “switch on the light” when speaking to others. - Women encourage the use of superpolite forms (“let’s”, “please” “would you mind if”
38
Conflict versus compromise - The Difference Model (AO2)
- Tannen asserts that most women avoid conflict in language at all costs and instead attempt to resolve disagreements without any direct confrontation, so as to maintain positive connection and rapport - Men, however, are more likely to use confrontation as a way of resolving differences and thereby negotiating status
39
Independence versus intimacy - The Difference Model (AO2)
- The difference theory asserts that men favour independence, while women are more likely to seek intimacy. - Tannen demonstrates this with the example of a husband making a decision without consulting his wife - She theorises that he does so because he doesn’t want to feel a loss of independence that would come from saying “let me consult this with my wife first” - Women on the other hand, like to demonstrate that they have to consult with their partner, as this is seen to be proof of the intimacy of the relationship. - Tannen asserts that women, seeing the world as a network of connections and relationships, view intimacy as key to achieving consensus and avoiding the appearance of superiority, whereas men, who are more likely to view the world in terms of status, see independence as being key to establishing their status - Tannen also clarifies that while both men and women seek independence and intimacy men and more likely to be focused on the former while women are more likely to focus on the latter
40
What are Robin Lakoff's claims that women do? (The Deficit Model)
- Hedge eg sort of - Use (super)polite forms eg would you mind - Use tag questions “aren’t you?” - Speak in italics: intonational emphasis equal to underlining words eg so, very (using prosodic features) - Use empty adjectives eg lovely, adorable - Use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation eg english prestige grammar and clear enunciation - Use direct quotation (men paraphrase) - Have a special lexicon (words for things like colours vs. men use words for things like sports - Use question intonation in declarative statements eg what school do u attend? Tenbury? - Use “wh-“ imperatives eg why don’t you open the door?” - Speak less frequently - Overuse qualifiers eg i think that - Apologise more eg i’m sorry, but i think that - Use modal constructions eg should we turn up the heat? - Avoid coarse language or expletives - Use indirect commands and request eg isn’t it cold in here! (close the window) - Use more intensifiers eg i’m SO glad you can - Lack sense of humour: do not tell jokes well and don’t understand the punch line of jokes
