Gender and Health

Question 1

The global understanding of sexual health has evolved over time, including in its relationship to reproductive health.

Answer 1

World Health Organization (WHO)

Question 2

In 1974 – WHO convention in Geneva
―the integration of the somatic, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of sexual being, in ways that are positively enriching and that enhance personality, communication, and love

Answer 2

Sexual Health

Question 3

attention to pleasure and the right to sexual information were fundamental to this definition.

Answer 3

Sexual Health

Question 4

• “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes

Answer 4

Reproductive Health (ICPD,1994)

Question 5

ability of people ―to have a satisfying and safe sex life‖ and the capability and freedom to reproduce if and when desired.

Answer 5

Reproductive Health (ICPD,1994)

Question 6

It also included sexual health

Answer 6

Reproductive Health

Question 7

the stated purpose of which was the enhancement of life and personal relations, and not merely counselling and care related to reproduction and sexually transmitted diseases

Answer 7

sexual health,

Question 8

Global health burden

Answer 8

-extensive mortality and morbidity
➢-HIV
➢-STIs
➢-unwanted pregnancies
➢-unsafe abortions
➢-infertility
➢-maternal and genitourinary conditions
➢-gender-based violence
➢-sexual dysfunction

Question 9

There was also growing awareness about the impact of stigma, discrimination and poor quality of care on people‘s

Answer 9

sexual and reproductive health.

Question 10

This is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality

Answer 10

Sexual Health

Question 11

it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity

Answer 11

Sexual Health

Question 12

requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.

Answer 12

Sexual Health

Question 13

For it to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled.

Answer 13

Sexual Health

Question 14

refers to the biological characteristics that define humans as female or male.

Answer 14

Sex

Question 15

While these sets of biological characteristics are not mutually exclusive, as there are individuals who possess both, they tend to differentiate humans as males and females.

Answer 15

Sex

Question 16

For technical purposes in the context of sexuality and sexual health discussions, the above definition is preferred.

Answer 16

Sex

Question 17

This is a central aspect of being human throughout life and encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction.

Answer 17

Sexuality

Question 18

It is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviours, practices, roles and relationships. - not all of them are always experienced or expressed.

Answer 18

Sexuality

Question 19

Influences: biological, psychological, social, economic, political, cultural, ethical, legal, historical, religious and spiritual factors

Answer 19

Sexuality

Question 20

Sexual rights
the rights to [?] of the person
the rights to [?]
the right to be free from [?]
the right to [?]
the rights to the [?] (including sexual health) and social security
the right to [?] and enter into marriage with the free and full consent of the intending spouses, and to equality In and at the dissolution of marriage
the right to decide the number and [?] of one‘s children
the rights to information, as well as [?]
the rights to [?], and the right to an effective remedy for [?] of fundamental rights.

Answer 20

life, liberty, autonomy and security

equality and non-discrimination

torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

privacy

highest attainable standard of health

marry and to found a family

spacing

education

freedom of opinion and expression; violations

Question 21

protect all people‘s rights to fulfil and express their sexuality and enjoy sexual health, with due regard for the rights of others and within a framework of protection against discrimination.

Answer 21

Sexual rights

Question 22

Major public health concern contributing significantly to the global burden of adult disease both because of the acute illness and because of long-term outcomes.

Answer 22

STIs

Question 23

-chronic pain, infertility, adverse outcomes of pregnancy (including stillbirth and low birth weight) and cancers of the reproductive tract (including cervical cancer)

Answer 23

STIs

Question 24

Most Common and Curable STIs

Answer 24

• Chlamydia • Syphilis • Gonorrhea • Trichomoniasis

Question 25

Untreated STIs and RTIs are associated with an increased risk of [?] transmission. Effective management of STIs is therefore crucial for controlling the transmission of [?] in some populations (Grosskurth et al., 2000).

Answer 25

HIV

Question 26

• can cause infection among both men and women

Answer 26

Chlamydia

Question 27

• cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system.

Answer 27

Chlamydia

Question 28

• it difficult or impossible to get pregnant later.

Answer 28

Chlamydia

Question 29

• potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy

Answer 29

Chlamydia

Question 30

pain or burning while peeing.

Answer 30

Chlamydia

Question 31

pain during sex.

Answer 31

Chlamydia

Question 32

lower belly pain.

Answer 32

Chlamydia

Question 33

abnormal vaginal discharge (may be yellowish and have a strong smell)

Answer 33

Chlamydia

Question 34

bleeding between periods.

Answer 34

Chlamydia

Question 35

pus or a watery/milky discharge from the penis.

Answer 35

Chlamydia

Question 36

swollen or tender testicles.

Answer 36

Chlamydia

Question 37

pain, discharge and/or bleeding around the anus.

Answer 37

Chlamydia

Question 38

• The disease starts as a sore that's often painless and typically appears on the genitals, rectum or mouth.

Answer 38

Syphilis

Question 39

spreads from person to person through direct contact with these sores.

Answer 39

Syphilis

Question 40

Stages/Waves of Syphilis

Answer 40

Primary Secondary Latent Late (Tertiary)

Question 41

infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in women and men.

Answer 41

Gonorrhea

Question 42

• If you are pregnant and have gonorrhea, you can give the infection to your baby during delivery.

Answer 42

Gonorrhea

Question 43

Often has no symptoms but can cause serious health problems.

Answer 43

Gonorrhea

Question 44

Even when a woman has symptoms, they are often mild and can be mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection.

Answer 44

Gonorrhea

Question 45

Painful or burning sensation when peeing

Answer 45

Gonorrhea

Question 46

Increased vaginal discharge

Answer 46

Gonorrhea

Question 47

Vaginal bleeding between periods.

Answer 47

Gonorrhea

Question 48

A burning sensation when peeing

Answer 48

Gonorrhea

Question 49

A white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis

Answer 49

Gonorrhea

Question 50

Painful or swollen testicles (although this is less common).

Answer 50

Gonorrhea

Question 51

Rectal infections may either cause no symptoms or cause symptoms in both men and women that may include: Discharge; Anal itching; Soreness; Bleeding; and Painful bowel movements.

Answer 51

Gonorrhea

Question 52

• Caused by a parasite

Answer 52

Trichomoniasis

Question 53

• discharge usually has a strong, unpleasant, and sometimes fishy smell

Answer 53

Trichomoniasis

Question 54

In women, trichomoniasis can cause a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination.

Answer 54

Trichomoniasis

Question 55

Men have typically have no symptoms.

Answer 55

Trichomoniasis

Question 56

VULNERABLE POPULATION

Answer 56

Young people People who engage in transactional sex or commercial sex People who are sexually abused People who are at risk of violence within their sexual relationships

Question 57

―a procedure for terminating an unintended pregnancy either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment lacking the minimal medical standards, or both‖ (WHO, 1992).

Answer 57

Unsafe Abortion

Question 58

Unsafe abortions account for [?] of all maternal deaths worldwide. It is estimated that [?] died from the complications of unsafe abortion in 2003 alone.

Answer 58

13% 66,500 women

Question 59

Factors influencing the incidence of unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions ➢access of young women and young men to [?]; ➢the legality of [?] to unmarried young people; ➢the legality of [?]; ➢ [?] with regard to sex outside marriage;

Answer 59

information on contraception supplying contraceptives abortion sociocultural norms and practices

Question 60

A number of factors influence the incidence of unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions in any setting. ➢ [?] and the provision of safe abortion; ➢ the influence of [?] on the ability of girls and women to use contraceptive methods, or to reject sexual relations with men; ➢ the readiness of the [?] to provide safe abortions to the full extent of the law.

Answer 60

unintended pregnancies gender-power relations health service

Question 61

A [?] applied to abortion in general is sought to act across a range of domains, with the intention not only of ensuring that abortion is made safe, but also to reduce the need for abortion in the first place.

Answer 61

sexual health framework

Question 62

• Some countries who applied a [?] have successfully reduced the incidence of unsafe abortion by legalizing it (Cook et al., 2003; Grimes, 2006).

Answer 62

sexual health framework

Question 63

reduced the incidence by making their existing legal services safer (Ganatra et al., 200)

Answer 63

• Mongolia and VietNam

Question 64

• Other countries like [?] have taken steps to reduce the stigma associated with abortion (Ngwena, 2004; Ipas, 2008).

Answer 64

South Africa and Ghana

Question 65

Concerns related to sexual functioning are universal, but they have culturally specific forms.

Answer 65

Sexual dysfunction

Question 66

Sexual problems include:

Answer 66

low sexual desire male erectile dysfunction an inability to achieve orgasm Premature ejaculation pain during intercourse vaginismus

Question 67

is surprisingly common in all societies in which studies have been conducted in several countries (Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Morocco, Nigeria, and Pakistan)

Answer 67

Erectile dysfunction

Question 68

the likelihood of men reporting [?] has been found to be associated with various characteristics, most common of which is increasing age (Berradaet al., 2003; Safarinejad, 2003; Seyamet al., 2003; Shaeeret al., 2003).

Answer 68

erectile dysfunction

Question 69

Most men and women with sexual dysfunction who seek care, tend to look for it within the [?]. This is because [?] servicesaddressing sexual function and dysfunction are relatively uncommon.

Answer 69

private sector public sector

Question 70

Studies around the world, including research in Egypt, Nigeria and Pakistan, have found that sexual dysfunction is associated with common mental illnesses, including

Answer 70

depression, and with low quality of-life(QoL) scores.

Question 71

Violence related to gender and sexuality is both a

Answer 71

violation of human rights and a public health concern.

Question 72

Sexual and other forms of gender-based violence include

Answer 72

➢rape ➢coerced sex ➢child sexual abuse ➢sexualized forms of domestic violence ➢Intimatepartner violence, ➢FGM ➢“honour”crimes ➢forced prostitution

Question 73

can be directed at women or men, girls or boys, and any group in a position of vulnerability.

Answer 73

Sexual violence

Question 74

The most common is violence towards women by men who are known to them, particularly their partners and husbands, but also other family members.

Answer 74

Sexual violence

Question 75

includes acts of physical aggression, psychological abuse, sexual coercion (including rape), and a range of controlling behaviours(WHO, 2005).

Answer 75

Intimate partner violence

Question 76

can be an important factor in unwanted pregnancy, in the acquisition of STIs including HIV, and in sexual dysfunction.

Answer 76

Violence

Question 77

[?], both vaginal and anal, can potentially increase the risk of HIV transmission because of the resulting abrasions and injuries.

Answer 77

Forced sex

Question 78

Studies show that sexual abuse early in life can lead to increased illhealth in adulthood.

Answer 78

Forced sex

Question 79

This is partly because of increased sexual risk-taking, such as having early first sex, multiple partners, and participating in sex work of various kinds (Klein & Chao, 1995)

Answer 79

Forced sex

Question 80

can be an obstacle to achieving sexual health in more indirect ways. (e.g.Male dominance-female has reduced autonomy)

Answer 80

violence

Question 81

“physical disabilities can affect sexual functioning andhave anegative impact on sexual wellbeing”

Answer 81

Interpersonal relationships Self-esteem Body image

Question 82

neurological disabilities such as spinal cord injury, stroke,multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy.

Answer 82

Physical disabilities

Question 83

The sexual needs andexpressions of people with these disorders are often ignored, because there is aperception that they are not –or should not be –sexually active.

Answer 83

Physical disabilities

Question 84

also have a negative impact on sexual health

Answer 84

chronicillnesses

Question 85

Other [?], including arthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetesand depression, aswell as certain medications (such as those used for treating high blood pressure)are also implicated in sexual health problems

Answer 85

chronicillnesses

Question 86

might include the creation of policies to increase the social acceptability of sexual expression by people with a disabilityor chronic illness.

Answer 86

Sexual health framework

Question 87

It might also address the provision of information and education regarding certain side-effects of medicinesused by people with chronic disease.

Answer 87

Sexual health framework

Question 88

SEXUAL HEALTH FRAMEWORK (DOMAINS, BARRIERS, AND PROMOTIONS)

Answer 88

1. Laws, policies, and human rights 2. Education 3. Sociocultural 4. Economic 5. Health

Question 89

• Work to change political structures that do not recognize sexual health concerns, or HIV-and sexualityrelated stigma.

Answer 89

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 90

• Work for the repeal of discriminatory laws and policies, and to establish mechanisms to redress violations of human rights.

Answer 90

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 91

• Work to review laws and policies as they affect sexual and reproductive health.

Answer 91

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 92

• Work to review the application of human rights standards to sexual and reproductive health.

Answer 92

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 93

Work to create political support for sexual health issues and interventions

Answer 93

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 94

Promote dialogue about sexual health at all political levels from grass roots to national leadership, including religious and community leaders

Answer 94

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 95

Publicize the efforts of leaders who work to promote sexual health

Answer 95

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 96

Develop a strong evidence base to identify best practices in relation to sexual health, and promote commitment to them

Answer 96

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 97

Promote and implement supportive rights-based national legislation, policy frameworks and institutional policies

Answer 97

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 98

Promote awareness of rights (e.g.through work with media) Use international human rights standards in advocacy (e.g. in challenging FGM)

Answer 98

1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights

Question 99

Incorporate promotion of rights, diversity and gender equality into teacher-training curricula.

Answer 99

2. Education

Question 100

Increase access to comprehensive, choicebasedsexualityeducation in schools.

Answer 100

2. Education

Question 101

Promote sexuality education for the most vulnerable, including young people who do not attend school

Answer 101

2. Education

Question 102

Promote equality within sexual partnerships and challenge and condemn violence.

Answer 102

2. Education

Question 103

Promote community-based work on gender equality, building on positive social norms.

Answer 103

2. Education

Question 104

Recognize and remove barriers to general and sexuality education.

Answer 104

2. Education

Question 105

Recognize the role of genderbased power in sexual relationships as a determinant of sexual health outcomes Identify cultural practices that contribute to sexual ill-health.

Answer 105

3. Sociocultural

Question 106

Promote equality and responsibility in relationships

Answer 106

3. Sociocultural

Question 107

Challenge discrimination based on sexual and gender diversity

Answer 107

3. Sociocultural

Question 108

Recognize the positive role that men can play in improving women‘s health

Answer 108

3. Sociocultural

Question 109

Promote cultural practices that improve sexual health (e.g.early discussions of sexuality and sexual health)

Answer 109

3. Sociocultural

Question 110

Engage influential community leaders (e.g. religious leaders) in debate to promote awareness of public health imperatives of addressing sexual health issues.

Answer 110

3. Sociocultural

Question 111

Build partnerships to implement culturally sensitive programmesaimed at preventing violence against women, sexual violence, intimate partner violence, and FGM.

Answer 111

3. Sociocultural

Question 112

Recognize and emphasize the links between economic marginalization and sexual ill-health.

Answer 112

4. Economic

Question 113

Promote economic empowerment and alternative livelihood strategies for vulnerable groups (e.g.women, sex workers, young people, migrants, and LGBT who leave home)

Answer 113

4. Economic

Question 114

Promoteeconomic development that favours economic improvement and opportunity for women and girls

Answer 114

4. Economic

Question 115

Support research on the links between sexual health and poverty.

Answer 115

4. Economic

Question 116

Eliminate barriers to service provision

Answer 116

5. Health

Question 117

Ensureadequate resources for sexual health services

Answer 117

5. Health

Question 118

Increase access to sexual health services and resources, especially for the most vulnerable.

Answer 118

5. Health

Question 119

Improve quality of sexual health care by implementing nonstigmatizing, rights-based approaches to service provision.

Answer 119

5. Health

Question 120

Encourage religious leaders to challenge HIVand AIDS relatedstigma and social and gender issues that are harmful to health within communities

Answer 120

5. Health

Question 121

Enhance communication between providers and clients (e.g. by promoting counselling within sexual health services) .

Answer 121

5. Health

Question 122

Promote greater integration of sexual health services.

Answer 122

5. Health

Question 123

Reach out to men in more positive ways.

Answer 123

5. Health