LESSON 3 Flashcards
1
Q
• Gender theory is based on two assumptions:
- a. [?] are charactenzed by power issues.
-b. [?] is constructed in such a way that males dominate females.
A
Male-female relationships
Society
2
Q
• Gender theory focuses on:
- How specific behaviors or roles are defined as
- The key to the “creation of gender inequality” is the belief that men and women are
A
male or female
“opposite sexes.
3
Q
When babies are born, they possess no knowledge and few instinctual behaviors. However, by the time children are about age 3 or 4 years, they can usually talk, feed themselves, interact with adults, describe objects, and use correct facial expressions and body language. Children also typically exhibit a wide range of behaviors that are appropriate to their gender. This process, whereby an infant who knows nothing becomes a preschooler who has the basic skills for functioning in society, is called
A
socialization.
4
Q
: Adapting to Our Environment
A
Evolutionary Theory
5
Q
A theorist would explain this gender difference in terms of the biological differences between men and women.
A
Evolutionary Theory
6
Q
A man can impregnate several women at any given time, but a woman, once pregnant, cannot become pregnant again until she gives birth.
A
Evolutionary Theory
7
Q
The time investment of these activities varies tremendously.
A
Evolutionary Theory
8
Q
If evolutionary success is determined by how many offspring we have, the men win hands down.
A
Evolutionary Theory
9
Q
: Learning from our Environment
A
Social Learning Theory
10
Q
suggests that we learn gender roles from our environment, from the same system of rewards and punishments that we learn our other social roles.
A
Social Learning Theory
11
Q
For example, research shows that many parents commonly reward gender-appropriate behavior and disapprove of gender-inappropriate behavior.
A
Social Learning Theory
12
Q
Telling a boy sternly not to cry “like a girl:’ approving a girl’s use of makeup, taking a Barbie away from a boy and handing him SpiderMan, making girls help with cooking and cleaning and boys take out the trash- these little, everyday actions build into powerful messages about gender.
A
Social Learning Theory
13
Q
Modelling after the same gender parent to win parental approval.
A
Social Learning Theory
14
Q
: Age-Stage Learning
A
Cognitive Development Theory
15
Q
assumes that all children go through a universal pattern of development, and there really is not much parents can do to alter it.
A
Cognitive Development Theory
16
Q
As children’s brains mature and grow, they develop new abilities and concerns; at each stage, their understanding of gender changes in predictable ways.
A
Cognitive Development Theory
17
Q
Piaget (1951), the child development theorist who suggested that social attitudes in children are mediated through their processes of cognitive development.
A
Cognitive Development Theory
18
Q
=== children can process only a certain kind and amount of information at each developmental stage.
A
Cognitive Development Theory
19
Q
: Our Cultural Maps
A
Gender Schema Theory
20
Q
Bern suggests that one schema we all have is a gender schema, which organizes our thinking about gender.
A
Gender Schema Theory
21
Q
From the moment we are born, information about gender is continuously presented to us by our parents, relatives, teachers, peers, television, movies, advertising, and the like.
A
Gender Schema Theory
22
Q
We absorb the more obvious information about sexual anatomy, “male” and “female” types of work and activities, and gender-linked personality traits.
A
Gender Schema Theory
23
Q
Gender schemas are powerful in our culture.
A
Gender Schema Theory
24
Q
When we first meet a man, we immediately use our masculine gender schema and begin our relationship with an already established series of beliefs about him.
A
Gender Schema Theory
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For example, we may believe that men are strong or assertive.
Gender Schema Theory
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Our gender schema is more powerful than other schemas and is used more often, Bern argues, because our culture puts so much emphasis on gender and gender differences.
Gender Schema Theory
27
• Men are
• Men are
• Men are
• Men are afraid to
• Men are primarily interested in their
• Men do not have a primary interest in
tough and powerful.
unfeeling and insensitive.
logical, sensible and rational.
commit in a relationship and form an attachment.
careers or vocations.
marriage and parenthood.
28
• Women are
• Women are
• Women are
• Women can easily form
• Women do not have a primary interest in their
• Women are primarily interested in a
helpless and childish.
sensitive and intuitive.
scatterbrained, unstable and irrational.
deep emotional attachments.
careers or vocations.
long term relationship and parenthood.
29
➢Ester Boserup (1970), argued that differences in the role of women in societies originate in the different types of agricultural technology, particularly the differences between shifting and plough agriculture.
1. Agriculture and agricultural technology
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➢Shifting agriculture, which uses hand-held tools like the hoe and the digging stick, is labor intensive with women.
1. Agriculture and agricultural technology
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➢As a result, men in societies characterized by plough agriculture tended to specialize in agricultural work outside the home, while women specialized in activities within the home.
1. Agriculture and agricultural technology
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➢In turn, this division of labor generated a norm that the natural place for women is in the home.
1. Agriculture and agricultural technology
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➢This belief tends to persist even if the economy moves out of agriculture, affecting the participation of women in activities performed outside the home, including market employment, entrepreneurship, and politics.
1. Agriculture and agricultural technology
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2. Pre-industrial societal characteristics:
MATRILINEALITY
MATRILOCALITY
DOWRY vs BRIDE PRICE
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– refers to the fact that lineage and inheritance are traced through female members.
MATRILINEALITY
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This can affect the residential patterns of married couples and the inheritance of property.
MATRILINEALITY
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- with residence of the bride after marriage
Patrilocality vs Matrilocality
MATRILOCALITY
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is a payment that a bride‘s parents make to the couple at the time of marriage.
➢Dowry
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is a transfer at the time of marriage from the groom and/or his family to the bride‘s family.
bride price
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• Women in [?] societies have greater access to land and other assets, either through direct inheritance and ownership or through greater access to the possessions of the large matriclan.
matrilineal
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• Less reliant on their husbands and less vulnerable in the case of a husband‘s death.
matrilineal
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• They have continued kin support, either by living with or near their own family after marriage or through ongoing connections maintained by matrilineal kinship
matrilineal
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• Likely to have greater intra-household bargaining power vis-à-vis their husbands and have greater exit options than patrilineal women.
matrilineal
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3. Development of the Gender Construct in Industrial Societies:
a.Sexual Revolution in the Age of Enlightenment
b. The Civil Rights Movement
c. The Counterculture Revolution and the Stonewall Riots
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c. The Counterculture Revolution and the Stonewall Riots:
c.1. The Counterculture of the 1960s.
c.2. Hippies.
c.3. Sexual politics.
C.4. The Stonewall Riots.
46
Sexual Revolution aka
time of “sexual liberation”
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– social movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships throughout the Western world (1960s to 1980s)
“sexual liberation”
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included increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional heterosexual, monogamous relationships (primarily marriage).
“sexual liberation”
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• Contraception and the pill, public nudity, the normalization of premarital sex, homosexuality and alternative forms of sexuality, and the legalization of abortion all followed.
“sexual liberation”
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• Nearly 100 years after the Civil War, the civil rights of African Americans were limited by state laws and discrimination.
The Civil Rights Movement
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Some civil rights are the right to vote, the right to equal treatment, and the right to speak out.
The Civil Rights Movement
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• In the early 1950s, segregation was legal.
The Civil Rights Movement
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Many Americans believed it should not be.
The Civil Rights Movement
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African Americans went to court to end segregation.
The Civil Rights Movement
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In 1954, the Supreme Court ordered the desegregation of public schools.
The Civil Rights Movement
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• In 1960, African Americans held sit-ins in 54 cities.
Civil Rights Victories
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• In 1963, Congress was discussing a bill to end segregation.
Civil Rights Victories
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Martin Luther King Jr. and other leaders organized a protest march in Washington, D.C., to show support for the bill.
Civil Rights Victories
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• In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson worked with Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act. It banned segregation in schools, at work, and in public places.
Civil Rights Victories
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• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 guaranteed citizens of all races and ethnic backgrounds the right to vote.
Civil Rights Victories
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• In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was shot. People from all backgrounds continued the struggle for civil rights.
Civil Rights Victories
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The 1960s were a period when long‐held values and norms of behavior seemed to break down, particularly among the young.
The Counterculture of the 1960s
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• Many college‐age men and women became political activists and were the driving force behind the civil rights and antiwar movements.
The Counterculture of the 1960s
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*** Other young people simply ―dropped out and separated themselves from mainstream culture through their appearance and lifestyle.
The Counterculture of the 1960s
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Attitudes toward sexuality appeared to loosen, and women began to openly protest the traditional roles of housewife and mother that society had assigned to them.
The Counterculture of the 1960s
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Mostly middle‐class whites but without the political drive.
Hippies.
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Their hallmarks were a particular style of dress that included jeans, tie‐dyed shirts, sandals, beards, long hair, and a lifestyle that embraced sexual promiscuity and recreational drugs, including marijuana and the hallucinogenic LSD.
Hippies.
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The use of other means of birth control, such as diaphragms and IUDs, increased.
Sexual politics
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Many states legalized abortion, and the new women's movement was committed to making the procedure even more widely available.
Sexual politics
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Sexual revolution made the birth rate declined and the number of abortions, unwed mothers, and divorces rose.
Sexual politics
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. 1963 by Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (which argued that women should be allowed to find their own identity, an identity not necessarily limited to the traditional roles of wife and mother)
Feminism
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• THE SIXTIES is often perceived as an era of social upheaval and orgiastic revelry.
The Stonewall Riots
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• New York‘s Greenwich Village.
The Stonewall Riots
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• began in the wee hours of June 28, 1969, lasted six nights and catapulted the issue of sexual liberation out of the Dark Ages and into a new era.
The Stonewall Riots
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• On the heels of the U.S. military‘s postwar purge of gays, President Eisenhower signed a 1953 executive order that established ―sexual perversion as grounds for being fired from government jobs.
The Stonewall Riots
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• Loitering in public toilet - list of arrestees were often printed in newspapers and other public records.
The Stonewall Riots
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• Sex between consenting adults of the same sex, even in a private home, could be punishable for up to life in prison, confinement in a mental institution, or even castration.
The Stonewall Riots
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With these events and situations that arose, homophile activism was born.
The Stonewall Riots
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→ Harry Hay (Mattachine Society), San Francisco (Daughters of Bilitis)
The Stonewall Riots
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• American sociologist Elise Boulding, there are three areas in which the work of women has built what she calls a "civic society" based on mutual respect.
4. Post- Industrial Societies: Women's Role in Post-Industrial Democracy
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• The first is related to children and teaching.
4. Post- Industrial Societies: Women's Role in Post-Industrial Democracy
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In almost all societies, women are responsible for the education of children up to their seventh year.
4. Post- Industrial Societies: Women's Role in Post-Industrial Democracy
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Psychologists agree that these are the years in which the child's world-vision is formed.
The first is related to children and teaching
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• The second is related to women's
hidden economic role.
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Its arena may be the kitchen or the garden, the small production unit which played a crucial role in agricultural societies and has also often been, though less visibly, the salvation of the highly-industrialized societies of our time.
The second is related to women's hidden economic role.
86
• The third area has also been largely unnoticed.
"cement of
society"
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Women are and have been what Elise Boulding calls the "cement of society".
4. Post- Industrial Societies: Women's Role in Post-Industrial Democracy
88
They have fulfilled this role in private, in family life, and even in dynastic alliances between villages or towns over the centuries.
"cement of
society"
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Theoretical Perspectives
Structural Functionalism
Critical Sociology
Feminist Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
90
Viewing the of society family as the most integral component , assumptions about gender roles within marriage assume a prominent place in this perspective.
Structural Functionalism
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Society is structured by relations of power and domination among social groups (e.g., women versus men) that determine access to scarce resources.
Critical Sociology
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Men as the dominant group and women as the subordinate group.
Critical Sociology
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social problems and contradictions are created when oppress subordinate groups.
Critical Sociology
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dominant groups exploit or e.g. the women‘s suffrage movement or the debate over women‘s right to choose their reproductive futures.
Critical Sociology
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• a type of critical sociology that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the critical approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities.
Feminist Theory
96
: Women’s fight for equal contract and property rights.
The first wave (1830’s – early 1900’s)
97
• Realized that they must first gain political power (including the right to vote) to bring about change was how to fuel the fire.
The first wave (1830’s – early 1900’s)
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• Their political agenda expanded to issues concerning sexual , reproductive and economic matters.
The first wave (1830’s – early 1900’s)
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• The seed was planted that women have the potential to contribute just as much if not more than men.
The first wave (1830’s – early 1900’s)
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: Broadening the debate
The second wave (1960’s-1980’s)
101
• Focused on the workplace, sexuality , family, and reproductive rights
The second wave (1960’s-1980’s)
102
• This time is often dismissed as and reproductive offensive, outdated and obsessed with middle class white women‘s problems.
The second wave (1960’s-1980’s)
103
• Conversely, many women were initially part of the Black Civil Rights Movement, Anti Vietnam Movement, Chicano Rights Movement, Asian-American Civil Rights Movement, Gay and Lesbian Movement and many other groups fighting for equality.
The second wave (1960’s-1980’s)
104
• Women wanted badly to be heard about the civil issues and so to strengthen their voices they fought for gender equality first.
The second wave (1960’s-1980’s)
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: The “micropolitics” of gender equality
The third wave (1990’s – early 2000’s)
106
• The term feminist becomes less critically received by the female population due to the varying feminist outlooks.
The third wave (1990’s – early 2000’s)
107
• There are the cultural feminists, the radicals, the liberal/reforms, the electoral, academic, ecofeminists.
The third wave (1990’s – early 2000’s)
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• The fight continued to vanquish the disparities in male and female pay and the reproductive rights of women.
The third wave (1990’s – early 2000’s)
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Work continues to end violence against women in our nation as well as abroad.
The third wave (1990’s – early 2000’s)
110
Acceptance and a true understanding of the term ‘feminism‘.
The third wave (1990’s – early 2000’s)
111
aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols in human interaction.
Symbolic Interactionism
112
• The meanings attached to symbols are socially created and not natural, and fluid, not static, we act and react to symbols based on the current assigned meaning.
Symbolic Interactionism
113
• E.g. ‘gay’, once meant ―cheerful, but by the 1960s it carried the primary meaning of ―homosexual.
Symbolic Interactionism
114
In transition, it was even known to mean ―careless or ―bright and showing (Oxford American Dictionary 2010).
Symbolic Interactionism
115
Furthermore, the word gay (as it refers to a homosexual) carried a somewhat negative and unfavourable meaning 50 years ago, but has since gained more neutral and even positive connotations.
Symbolic Interactionism
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• one of the oldest and best-known examples of gender variance.
1. Hijras (South Asia)
117
• associated with sacred powers.
1. Hijras (South Asia)
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• Navajo tribes recognized four genders that roughly correlate with cisgender and transgender men and women, using the terms nadleehi for those who "transform“ into femininity and dilbaa for those "transform" into masculinity.
2. Two-Spirit (North America)
119
• The Mohave people used the terms alyha and hwame to describe similar identities.
2. Two-Spirit (North America)
120
• Lakota tribe believed the winkte people among them had supernatural powers like India‘s hijras.
2. Two-Spirit (North America)
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• Berdache to Two-Spirit
2. Two-Spirit (North America)
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• Documented in paintings from as early as the eighteenth century, [?] were individuals assigned male at birth who dressed and behaved like women in Naples, Italy.
il femminiello
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• While largely segregated within the city, [?] were blessing and good fortune considered a upon the families they were born into.
il femminiello
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• was crowned emperor of the Roman empire in the third century, but insisted that subjects use the term empress and dressed as a woman.
Elagabalus
125
• According to some historical accounts, [?] may have even summoned the empire‘s finest doctors in order to pursue a sexual confirmation surgery.
Elagabalus
126
. -crowned Miss Trans Italy 2014, is reportedly the first trans woman in the nation to marry a man without first obtaining sexual-confirmation surgery.
• Alessia Cinquegrana
127
is the commonly used term ―that gathers male-to-female transgender people, as well as effeminate who have been born with distinctly female hearts and minds, and it includes effeminate mannerisms.
4. Kathoey of Thailand
128
can be found in all walks of life and occupations throughout the country but are heavily represented in the sex industry.
4. Kathoey of Thailand
129
• two types of kathoey co-exist:
the traditional kathoey of rural Siam, especially in the north and north-east, and the modern day kathoey cabaret performer of the tourist cities, especially in Bangkok and in Pattaya.
130
• Some kathoey prefer to be called [?] (women of a second kind).
phuying prahphet song
131
• These stories offer up a simple lesson: There are always people who find themselves on the outside of simple binaries.
5. Ancient History & Modern Struggles
132
Other examples in the Pacific Islands and South America reinforce this notion.
5. Ancient History & Modern Struggles
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• While it might be tempting to apply a label like ―transgender‖ to all these people, it‘s important to respect their sovereignty in defining their own identities.
5. Ancient History & Modern Struggles
134
European colonialism was a major force in hurting and erasing gender-variant people.
5. Ancient History & Modern Struggles
135
Using Western terminology to understand other cultures‘ gender variance might only result in perpetuating that harm and erasure.
5. Ancient History & Modern Struggles
