gender, crime & justice T8

Question 1

lack of female offending OCS response

Answer 1

functionalists & radical feminists accept OCS and believe females are less criminally inclined than men

Question 2

functionalist sex role theory theorists

Answer 2

parsons
Cohen

Question 3

feminist control theory theorists

Answer 3

Abbott & Wallace
Heidersohn

Question 4

functionalist sex role theory

Answer 4

• females socialised into expressive role e.g. caring and nurturing
• males are socialised to be more tough, risk taking etc so crime more likely to occur

Question 5

Cohen - sex role theory

Answer 5

males socialised into masculinity and may use street subcultures as a source of expressing this.
status earned through toughness, risk taking and delinquency

Question 6

theoretical evaluation of sex role theory

Answer 6

New Right supports Cohen. Absence of male role models in single parent families lead boys to turn to criminal street gangs for status and identity

Question 7

feminist control theory

Answer 7

• females have less opportunity to commit crime due to being more controlled in society
• if females’ roles are at home as mother/housewife there is less opportunity

Question 8

other reasons women don’t commit crime

Answer 8

less likely to be in delinquent subculture so less peer pressure

Question 9

empirical evaluation on why women don’t commit crime

Answer 9

media research into violent women suggests female crime is significant and growing (girl gangs & female domestic abusers)
e.g. 2018- 1,509 knife crime offences (73% increase in 5 years). validity of rad feminists should be questioned

Question 10

OCS response to underrepresentation

Answer 10

Social constructionists reject

Question 11

social constructionist - types of crime

Answer 11

men & women more likely to commit different types of crime - women less serious so less likely to be reported (shoplifting) = underrepresentation in OCS

Question 12

chivalry thesis theorist

Answer 12

Pollak

Question 13

chivalry thesis

Answer 13

traditional chivalry socialisation means police/judges might be more lenient on women as more protective of women
women also show more remorse

Question 14

positive empirical evaluation of underrepresentation of females

Answer 14

• Ministry of Justice found females more likely to receive police cautions
• Hedderman & Hough claim far lord likely to receive custodial sentence for all serious offences
  = validity

Question 15

negative empirical evaluation for underrepresentation of females

Answer 15

• Farrington & Morris - magistrates treat women the same for theft
• Walklate - patriarchal CJS = biased against women e.g. rape victims feel like they are on trial

Question 16

explaining female criminality

Answer 16

• liberation thesis
• rejection of class & gender deals

Question 17

Carlen

Answer 17

rejection of class and gender deals (feminist control theory)

Question 18

rejection of class and gender deals

Answer 18

• some w/c have been let down by society e.g. job offering low / domestic violence in family unit = these women in ‘pink collar ghetto’ turn to crime and reject these deals as a way out for powerless women

Question 19

positive theoretical evaluation for rejection of class and gender deals

Answer 19

Pomo Naffine - rime is linked to poverty as changes in global economies has given rise to a ‘pink-collar ghetto’ of insecure, low wage, part time jobs. crime is an economic necessity

Question 20

Adler

Answer 20

liberation thesis

Question 21

liberation thesis (Pomo)

Answer 21

• women now more liberated in society e.g. Cherrie Blair unable to become top judge 100 years ago
• rise in employment = white collar crime
• shift in gender roles = more aggressive
• more freedoms to commit crime

Question 22

positive empirical evaluation of liberation thesis

Answer 22

Tara Young research into girl gangs - whilst girl gangs equal to males are rare, there are plenty of groups which engage in wide range of deviant behaviour

Question 23

negative empirical evaluation of liberation thesis

Answer 23

Chesney-Lind - most criminals w/c (least likely to be influenced by liberation)

Question 24

why do men commit crime?

Answer 24

Messerschmidt (PoMo) - expression of masculinity

Question 25

white w/c youth

Answer 25

oppositional masculinity in and out of school (toughness, sexism, anti-school)

Question 26

black w/c youth

Answer 26

gang violence to express masculinity - street robbery to achieve subordinated masculinity

Question 27

white m/c youth

Answer 27

accommodating/conformist masculinity in schools, oppositional outside (drinking, vandalism) turn to white collar crime as adults for hegemonic masculinity

Question 28

evaluation of Messerschmidt

Answer 28

doesn't explain why not all men use crime to accomplish masculinity

Question 29

globalisation increasing male crime

Answer 29

rise to de-industrialisation and unemployment = turn to street gangs for masculinity

Question 30

Winlow

Answer 30

night time economy (Sunderland bouncers)

Question 31

expansion of night time economy

Answer 31

- gives bouncers opportunity to demonstrate masculinity through violence - have paid work & opportunity for illegal business ventures in drugs, duty-free tobacco etc - use 'bodily capital' to maintain reputation

Question 32

left realist evaluation of masculinity & crime

Answer 32

underlying structural causes of male crime ignored - marginalisation, relative deprivation & subcultures

Question 33

biological evaluation of masculinity & crime

Answer 33

reject social explanations and favour hormonal explanations like high levels of testosterone

Question 34

Katz

Answer 34

emotional thrill that causes men to commit crime

Question 35

Lyng

Answer 35

young males seek pleasure through risk taking aspect pf deviant behaviour ('edge work')

Question 36

problems with domestic violence stats

Answer 36

- underestimate size of problem - victim fear to report - police & CPS don't want tp involve inn family life - women can leave - underestimate male victims - males less likely to report as embarrassed

Question 37

domestic violence stats

Answer 37

- 99% of violence against women committed by men - 1/4 women assaulted by a partner at some point - most victims w/c, live in rented accommodation & poor - violence common against children and elders

Question 38

Kelly

Answer 38

- risk of SA and domestic violence is result of patriarchy - product of male power & control - women who challenge authority/don't carry out duties = victims

Question 39

positive empirical evaluation of Kelly

Answer 39

Debase & Dobash - domestic violence triggered by perception wife is challenging authority so product of patriarchal marriage relationships

Question 40

negative empirical evaluation of Kelly

Answer 40

Wilkinson - domestic violence os result of stresses that go with social inequality not patriarchy (low income & overcrowded housing)