Gender Theory

Question 1

What is the name of Lakoff’s model?

Answer 1

The Deference Model

Question 2

What did Lakoff say about Women’s Language?

Answer 2

That there are 10 features specific to it

Question 3

What are the 10 features in Lakoff’s Deference Model?

Answer 3

Hedges, superpolitness, hypercorrectness, tag questions, speaking in italics, empty adjectives, use of implication, special lexicon, question intonation, no sense of humour

Question 4

Who criticised Lakoff?

Answer 4

Dubois and Crouch

Question 5

Dubois and Crouch found that _ _ _ use _ _ _ _ tag questions than _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 5

Men use more tag questions than women.

Question 6

The Dominance Model is a response to which model?

Answer 6

The Deference Model

Question 7

The Dominance Model states that men deliberately behave in an uncooperative way when talking to women in order to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ them.

Answer 7

undermine and dominate them

Question 8

Zimmerman and West looked at dominance through which 2 language features?

Answer 8

Turn taking and minimal responses

Question 9

Which two irregularities in turn taking did Zimmerman and West look at?

Answer 9

Overlaps and Interruptions

Question 10

Overlaps occur when a speaker talks close to the TRP (T_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ R_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ P_ _ _ _ ).

Answer 10

TRP (Transition Relevance Point)

Question 11

Interruptions are seen as v _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the turn taking process

Answer 11

violations

Question 12

Interruptions occur when a speaker talks at a point not near the _ _ _.

Answer 12

TRP

Question 13

Interruptions are far more common in which gender?

Answer 13

Men

Question 14

Overlaps are more common in which gender?

Answer 14

Men

Question 15

Who criticised Zimmerman and West?

Answer 15

Beattie

Question 16

What did Beattie say about the size of the data sample?

Answer 16

It was very small

Question 17

What did Beattie challenge Zimmerman and West’s interpretation of?

Answer 17

The interruptions data

Question 18

Who else criticised Zimmerman and West?

Answer 18

Eakens and Eakens

Question 19

Eakens and Eakens found that _ _ _ _ _ _ as well as gender determined whether someone would get interrupted or not

Answer 19

status

Question 20

Eakens and Eakens found that there was a “h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ preference” as people of a higher status were not interrupted as much

Answer 20

Hierarchal

Question 21

Why are minimal responses used?

Answer 21

To show active participation in a conversation

Question 22

Which type of minimal response did Zimmerman and West identify in their study?

Answer 22

Delayed Minimal Response

Question 23

Delayed Minimal Reponses are when a speaker gives a minimal response at the appropriate point but only after a _ _ _ _ _ .

Answer 23

pause

Question 24

Delayed minimal responses show that a listener is demonstrating a lack of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for the conversation.

Answer 24

interest and enthusiasm

Question 25

Zimmerman and West suggest men use delayed minimal responses to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ women.

Answer 25

silence

Question 26

Fishman noted that women used the tag question 'y'know' how many times more than men?

Answer 26

5 times

Question 27

Fishman claimed that tag questions such as 'y'know' are used as an attempt by the woman speaking to stimulate a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from her male interlocutor.

Answer 27

response

Question 28

Janet Holmes identified two types of tag questions. What are they?

Answer 28

Speaker-orientated and addressee-orientated

Question 29

Speaker-orientated tags are used for the benefit of whom?

Answer 29

The speaker

Question 30

Addressee-orientated tags are used for the benefit of whom?

Answer 30

The listener

Question 31

What did Janet Holmes's study find that is contrary to Lakoff's claims?

Answer 31

That men and women use the same number of tags

Question 32

Janet Holmes found that which gender used more speaker-oriented tags?

Answer 32

Men

Question 33

Janet Holmes found that which gender used more addressee-oriented tags?

Answer 33

Women

Question 34

What is the name of the theorist who found that women introduce more topics than men?

Answer 34

Victoria DeFransisco

Question 35

What did DeFransisco say that women did in order to keep their conversations going?

Answer 35

Work harder

Question 36

DeFransisco said that women are less successful at getting their conversation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 36

accepted

Question 37

DeFransisco said that women undertake 'C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and adapt their conversations to help men.

Answer 37

'Conversational Shitwork'

Question 38

De Francisco claimed that male silence and i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is used to control conversation.

Answer 38

inexpressiveness

Question 39

Helena Leet-Pelligrini discovered that gender and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are both good predictors of conversation dominance.

Answer 39

expertise

Question 40

Leet-Pelligrini said that male experts are the _ _ _ _ verbose

Answer 40

most

Question 41

Leet-Pelligrini said that female non-experts are the _ _ _ _ _ verbose

Answer 41

least

Question 42

The Difference Model states that men and women use language for different _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

Answer 42

purposes

Question 43

Tannen said that men and women's language is different because of differences in upbringing and social _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 43

conditioning

Question 44

According to Tannen, women's conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is used to establish and maintain relationships.

Answer 44

rapport

Question 45

According to Tannen, men's conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is predominantly used to give information.

Answer 45

report

Question 46

In The Difference Model, women are seen to be conditioned or socialised into seeing talk as 'the _ _ _ _ that holds relationships together'.

Answer 46

glue

Question 47

What is the binary opposite of the following: Status v _________

Answer 47

Support

Question 48

What is the binary opposite of the following: Independence v _________

Answer 48

Intimacy

Question 49

What is the binary opposite of the following: Advice v __________

Answer 49

Understanding

Question 50

What is the binary opposite of the following: Information v __________

Answer 50

Feelings

Question 51

What is the binary opposite of the following: Orders v __________

Answer 51

Proposals

Question 52

Tannen identified two kinds of Turn Violations. Name them.

Answer 52

Uncooperative Overlaps and Cooperative Overlaps

Question 53

Uncooperative Overlaps are used by everyone but associated with which gender?

Answer 53

Men

Question 54

Cooperative Overlaps are used by everyone but associated with which gender?

Answer 54

Women

Question 55

Anna Bodine claimed that language is 'A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ '

Answer 55

Androcentric

Question 56

Anne Bodine said that language favours which gender?

Answer 56

Men

Question 57

Anne Bodine said that in speech, women are judged by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 57

Male standards

Question 58

Deborah Jones claims that women's talk falls into one of four categories. Name the four categories.

Answer 58

House Talk, Chatting, Bitching and Scandal

Question 59

What is the name of Jane Pilkington's study?

Answer 59

The Bakery Study

Question 60

What did Jane Pilkington study in a bakery for 9 months?

Answer 60

Same-sex conversations

Question 61

Pilkington found that women use talk to affirm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 61

solidarity

Question 62

How often do women agree with each other in Pilkington's study?

Answer 62

Frequently

Question 63

Pilkington found that male conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 63

competitive

Question 64

Carmen Fought said that girls and young women _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ vocal trends and slang.

Answer 64

popularise

Question 65

Carmen Fought said that "If women do something like uptalk or vocal fry, it's immediately interpreted as insecure, emotional or even stupid. The truth is this: Young women take linguistic features and use them as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for building relationships."

Answer 65

power tools

Question 66

Koenraad Kuiper found that in all-male talk amongst members of a rugby team, men were likely to pay less attention to the need to save face and instead use i _ _ _ _ _ _ as a way of expressing s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 66

insults as a way of expressing solidarity

Question 67

In Kuiper's Changing Room Study, what happened to those who showed that they were angered or hurt by the insults?

Answer 67

They were ostracised by the group

Question 68

The Diversity Model opposes ideas of "biological d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ "

Answer 68

determinism

Question 69

According to the Diversity Model, what is language influenced by?

Answer 69

The roles we play in society.

Question 70

What is the name of Janet Hyde's Hypothesis?

Answer 70

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Question 71

What does Janet Hyde claim in her hypothesis?

Answer 71

That there are far more similarities between female and male speech than differences.

Question 72

What is the name of O'Barr and Atkins's Study?

Answer 72

The Courtroom Study

Question 73

In The Courtroom Study, O'Barr and Atkins discovered that the differences Lakoff identified as not a result of being a woman, but of being _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 73

powerless

Question 74

O'Barr and Atkins suggested that the features described by Lakoff as 'Women's Language' should be re-named to?

Answer 74

Powerless Language

Question 75

Deborah Cameron argues that sex difference in language is a _ _ _ _.

Answer 75

myth

Question 76

Cameron argues that women speak more because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ means more to women.

Answer 76

communication

Question 77

Cameron argues that men use language competitively to gain _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 77

status

Question 78

Cameron argues that men and women talk so differently that m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often arises between the sexes.

Answer 78

miscommunication

Question 79

Cameron argues that language is a p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 79

peformance

Question 80

Cameron used the phrase v _ _ _ _ _ h _ _ _ _ _ _ to refer to the ways in which people regulate their language and communication to conform to social expectations and norms.

Answer 80

'verbal hygiene'

Question 81

Butler say that gender is not linked to biology. Instead, it is a series of r _ _ _ _ _ a _ _ _ that imitate expected gender roles and norms that we repeat constantly.

Answer 81

Ritual Acts

Question 82

Butler believes that _ _ _ _ _ _ is constructed through language, not the other way round.

Answer 82

Gender

Question 83

Butler claims that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ performances expose the performative nature of femininity.

Answer 83

Drag Queen

Question 84

In drag, men perform the gender norms we expect of women. They show that behaviour that seems natural and linked to biology is a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ determined performance.

Answer 84

socially

Question 85

In imitating gender, drag reveals the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ structure of gender itself.

Answer 85

imitative

Question 86

Baxter researched the relationship between language, gender and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the workplace.

Answer 86

Leadership

Question 87

Baxter claimed that women are as capable as men of being powerful and can also use language to maintain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 87

dominance

Question 88

Whose language did Robert Podesva study?

Answer 88

The language of Heath, an out gay man.

Question 89

Podesva identified that Heath used "_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _".

Answer 89

"Falsetto"

Question 90

Falsetto has undergone "_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _".

Answer 90

"enregisterment"

Question 91

Podesva found that using falsetto makes you sound _ _ _.

Answer 91

gay

Question 92

When did Heath use Falsetto the most?

Answer 92

Informal settings like social gatherings with friends

Question 93

When did Heath use Falsetto the least?

Answer 93

When meeting with his patients