Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease > Gene Inheritance > Flashcards

Gene Inheritance Flashcards

(105 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What happens to DNA that allows for inheritance of genes?

A

It’s replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • G 1
  • S
  • G 2
  • M
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what stage of the cell cycle is division happening?

A

M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens at G 1 ?

A

Cell content replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens at S?

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens at G 2 ?

A

Double check and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

At the end of G 1 and G 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can happen if something is found to be wrong at one of the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

Can decide to stop and perform autolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the part of the cell cycle where division is not happening known as?

A

Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is G 0 ?

A

A stage outside of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing anymore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the model for DNA replication called?

A

Semi-conservative DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is semi-conservative DNA replication used?

A

Best way to make sure that an accurate copy of the old strand is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is DNA replication catalysed by>?

A

DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does DNA polymerise extend from?

A

3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is DNA extended?

A

Get a nucleotide with a complementary base to the template strand, which then makes a phosphodiester bond with the OH on the 3’ end of the primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to the DNA double helix in semi-conservative replication?

A

It is seperated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the DNA replication reaction carried out?

A

Stepwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the DNA replication reaction driven by?

A

Pyrophosphate hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In what direction is DNA chain growth?

A

5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the stages of DNA replication in prokaryotes?

A
  • Starts with circular ‘naked’ chromosome
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens in the initiation stage of DNA replication of prokaryotes?

A

Separating of the double strand in both directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the result of DNA replication in prokaryotes?

A

2 identical bits of plasmid DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the first step in initiation of DNA replication?

A

Recognition of origins of replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is meant by the origins of replication?

A

The DNA sequence that tells the cellular machinery to start there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does initiation require?
- The recruitment of DNA polymerase, plus other specific proteins  - ‘Kickstart’ by primase
26
Why does initiation require a ‘kickstart’ by primase?
As DNA polymerase can only extend from 3’ end
27
What is the main feature of elongation?
Moving replication forks
28
What needs to happen to the double helix in elongation?
It needs to be unwinded
29
What unwinds the double helix?
Helicase
30
Why does the DNA helix need to be unwinded?
To open up new areas where DNA polymerase can bind
31
What does the fact that DNA polymerase extends from 3’ ends only lead to?
A continuous leading strand, and a discontinuous lagging strand
32
What does the discontinuous lagging strand produce?
Okazaki fragments
33
What joins the Okazaki fragments?
DNA ligase
34
When is DNA replication terminated?
When replication forks bump into one another
35
What must happen to finish DNA replication?
DNA ligase joins the lagging and leading strands
36
Does DNA replication start at the end of the molecule?
No
37
Where do DNA replication forks start?
From specific positions
38
Do DNA replication forks all go in the same direction?
No
39
How many DNA molecules are there in a chromosome?
1
40
How many DNA molecules are there in a replicated chromosome?
2
41
Why are chromosomes still so called when they are being replicated?
So the chromosome number stays the same, even when dividing
42
What does the classical X shape of chromosome consist of?
2 identical DNA molecules, as it has been replicated
43
What are chromatid telomeres?
Sequences that protect DNA from degredation
44
What are the different types of chromosomes?
#NAME?
45
What is metacentric?
When the centromere is exactly central
46
What is submetacentric?
When the centromere is slightly off centre
47
What is acrocentric?
When the centromere is almost at the end of the chromatid
48
What is telocentric?
When the centromere is right at the end of the chromatid, so there is no p arm
49
Do humans have all types of chromosomes?
Not telocentric
50
What does one replicated chromosome consist of?
2 sister chromatids
51
What is mitosis?
The cell division for somatic cells
52
What does mitosis produce?
2 identical daughter cells
53
What does each daughter cell produced from mitosis have?
The same chromosome content as the parental cell
54
How many mitotic rounds are there during development?
~50
55
For what tissues is mitotic growth necessary?
- Epidermis  - Mucosae  - Bone marrow  - Spermatogonia
56
What are the stages of mitosis?
#NAME?
57
What happens during prophase?
The nuclear membrane disintegrates
58
What happens during prometaphase?
Spindles connect to the chromosome
59
What are the spindles formed in prometaphase called?
Kinetochore spinde fibres
60
Where do spindle fibres connect to the chromosomes?
At the kinetochore
61
What is the kinetochore?
A complex of proteins that binds to the centromere
62
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
63
Where is the metaphase plate?
In the middle
64
In what fashion to chromosomes line up?
Randomly
65
What happens to the spindles in metaphase?
They connect to either end of the cell
66
What happens in anaphase?
Chromosomes split and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell
67
What happens in telophase?
#NAME?
68
What is meiosis?
Specialised cell division for germ line cells
69
What do germ line cells eventually produce?
Gametes
70
What does meiosis produce?
4 non-identical cells
71
What does each cell produced by meiosis contain?
Half the chromosomal content of parental cells
72
What is one round of replication followed by in meiosis?
Two rounds of division called meiosis I and II
73
What reduction occurs in meiosis?
Diploid (2n) reduced to haploid (n)
74
What are the ultimate products of meiosis?
Egg and sperm
75
What happens in prophase I?
- Disintegration of nuclear membrane  | - Homologous chromosomes pair up
76
What is the pairing up of homologous chromosomes dependant on?
Sequence
77
Why is it said that the pairing of homologous chromosomes is sequence dependant?
They find the same sequence
78
What do the chromosomes have when they pair up?
Paternal copy and maternal copy
79
What is the result of the chromosomes having a maternal and paternal copy when they pair up?
They are non-sister, and so have a slightly different DNA sequence
80
When does crossing over occur?
In late prophase 1
81
What happens in crossing over?
Non-sister chromatids cross over and swap DNA strands
82
What is the result of crossing over?
End up with DNA that has paternal and maternal DNA, as well as one chromatid that has completely paternal and one that has completely maternal
83
What happens in metaphase 1?
The chromosomes line up in the metaphase plate in pairs
84
In what order to the chromosomes line up in metaphase 1?
Randomly
85
What is the result of the random lining up in metaphase 1?
Random assortment of chromosomes
86
What happens in anaphase 1?
Each replicated chromosome goes to either end of the cell
87
What happens in telophase 1?
2 cells are formed
88
What happens to the 2 cells formed from telophase 1?
They go into meiosis II
89
What happens in prophase II?
The nuclear envelope disintergrates
90
What happens in metaphase II?
The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
91
What happens in anaphase II?
Chromatids split and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
92
What happens in telophase II?
Both cells split into 2, producing 4 in total
93
What are the consequences of meiosis?
- Maintains constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation  - Generation of genetic diversity
94
How does meiosis generate genetic diversity?
#NAME?
95
What is spermatogenesis?
Cell division to produce male gametes
96
What are the stages of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonium (2n) →  Primary spermatocyte (2n) →  4x spermatids (4 x n) →  4x mature sperm (4 x n)
97
So how many sperm come from each spermatocyte?
4
98
How long does spermatogenesis take ?
~48 days
99
What is oogenesis?
Cell division to produce female gametes
100
What are the stages of oogenesis?
Oognium (2n) →  Primary oocyte (2n) →  4x polar bodies (4 x n) →  1 mature ovum (n) leaving 3 polar bodies remaining
101
What comes from 1 oocyte?
1 egg and 3 polar bodies
102
What is the length of oogenesis?
12-50 years
103
What happens if crossing over doesn’t occur?
Both of the pair may go into the same cell, resulting in an empty cell, therefore an empty gamete, and the other gamete would have 2 copies of the chromosome
104
What is the error rate for meiosis?
~3 in 10 are mis-segregated
105
What are the consequences of faulty meiosis?
- Cause of 1/3 of all identified miscarriages  - Infertility  - Leading cause of mental retardation

Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions