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Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease > Transcription > Flashcards

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1
Q

By what process is mRNA made from DNA?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

By what process is protein made from mRNA?

A

Translation

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3
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

In the nucleus

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4
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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5
Q

How is the mRNA message transferred from nucleus to cytoplasm?

A

Through nucleus membrane

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6
Q

What is meant by gene expression?

A

What DNA is expressed

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7
Q

What does gene expression determine?

A

Different cell types

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8
Q

What is the process by which genes expressed lead to different cell types called?

A

Differential expression

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9
Q

What must be true of differential expression?

A

It must be highly regulated

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A stretch of DNA of a chromosomal locus

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11
Q

What it a gene the ‘recipe’ for?

A

A protein code and regulation

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12
Q

What regulation of a protein is expressed on it’s gene?

A

When it’s expressed, and in what quantity

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13
Q

What can a gene be described as?

A

A ‘unit of inheritance’ or ‘unit of transcription’

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14
Q

What do DNA have signals for within their code?

A

Transcription initiation and transcription termination

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15
Q

What does mRNA have codes for within it?

A

Translation initiation and translation termination

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16
Q

In what direction is translation?

A

5’ to 3’

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17
Q

What does making a polynucleotide require?

A

NAME?

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18
Q

What are the 3 stages in making a polynucleotide?

A
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
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19
Q

What is the enzyme for making DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

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20
Q

What is the activated substrate for making DNA?

A

dNTPs

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21
Q

What is the template for making DNA?

A

DNA

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22
Q

What is the enzyme for making RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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23
Q

What is the activated substrate for making RNA?

A

NTP’s

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24
Q

What is the template for making RNA?

A

DNA

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25
What is the enzyme for making a polypeptide?
The ribosome
26
What is the activated substrate for making a polypeptide?
Amino acids
27
What is the template for making a polypeptide?
mRNA
28
What is the first step in initiation of DNA replication
Recognition of origin of replication
29
What does initiation of DNA replication use?
#NAME?
30
In what direction is elongation in DNA replication?
5’ to 3’
31
When does DNA replication terminate?
When replication forks meet
32
What is the first step in initiation of transcription?
Promoter recognition
33
What is recognised in promoter recognition?
Signal on DNA
34
What is required for initiation of transcription?
#NAME?
35
In what direction does transcription occur?
5’ to 3'
36
When is transcription terminated?
Depends on sequence
37
What is made in transcription?
A polynucleotide of mRNA
38
Give the general equation for transcription?
r(NMP) n + rNTP →  r(NMP) n+1 + PPi
39
What does the transcription unit compose of?
The promoter and the code for RNA
40
What does the promoter recognise during initiation?
A sequence
41
What do transcription factors in eukaryotes often recognise?
TAT then lots of A’s
42
What does the binding of a transcription factor determine?
- The direction of transcription, therefore the transcription of a gene  - Where the RNA polymerase sits on the sequence
43
What is RNA polymerase?
A complex of proteins
44
What is the first amino acid after RNA polymerase labelled?
1
45
Is there an amino acid labelled 0?
No
46
What is meant by upstream?
All negative amino acids
47
What is meant by downstream?
All positive amino acids
48
In relation to the promoter sequence, where is the transcription start site?
Slightly after
49
Where does transcription start?
1
50
Where are there other promoter sequences?
Lots of other ones upstream
51
What is happening to the other promoter sequences upstream?
They are being recognised by other factors
52
Do other promoter sequences upstream help or hinder initiation?
Can be either
53
What is the promoter sequence in eukaryotes?
Often a TATA box at -30
54
Are the upstream sequences in eukaryotes varied?
Yes
55
Do the upstream sequences in eukaryotes have to be close?
No
56
How does regulation of promoter sequences in eukaryotes differ from in prokaryotes?
Complex
57
What is the promoter sequence for prokaryotes?
Pribnow box at -10
58
Where are the upstream sequences for prokaryotes?
-35
59
What can promoters be in eukaryotes?
Long stretches of DNA
60
What can DNA have as a result of it being very flexible?
Another sequence called the enhancer sequence
61
What impact can the enhancer sequence have on initiation?
#NAME?
62
What effect does the enhancer have?
Influences transcription
63
What happens when mRNA is being made?
The DNA double helix splits
64
What is produced when the DNA double helix splits?
The DNA template strand and the DNA coding strand
65
In what direction must the template strand be read?
3’ to 5’
66
Why must the template stand be read 3’ to 5’?
Because the RNA transcript is being made 5’ to 3’
67
Is the DNA coding strand used as a template?
No
68
Why is the DNA coding strand so named?
Because it’s DNA sequence is identical to the RNA coding strand, apart from U and T bases
69
What must be somewhere between transcription initiation and transcription termination?
The open reading frame (ORF)
70
What is the ORF?
The code
71
What must be done to RNA to process it?
#NAME?
72
Where does capping occur?
At the 5’ end
73
What is the purpose of capping?
Protection against degradation
74
Where does tailing occur?
At the 3’ end
75
What does tailing provide?
A polyA tail
76
What is the purpose of tailing?
Protection against degradation
77
Where does splicing occur?
In the middle
78
What does splicing do?
Removes introns
79
What does splicing depend on?
The sequence
80
What happens during capping?
An extra nucleotide is added on
81
What nucleotide is added in capping?
A methylated guanine
82
What is created in capping?
A 5’-5’ linkage
83
What is the importance of capping?
- Provide protection  | - Plays role in translation
84
What happens in polyadenylation?
#NAME?
85
How much ATP is used by the polyA polymerase?
~200
86
What do nucleases do?
Degrade nucleic acids
87
What can nucleases be specific to?
RNA or DNA
88
What do endonucleases do?
Breaks within polynucleotides
89
What are the two types of endonuclease?
- Specific  | - Non-specific
90
What do specific endonucleases do?
Recognise specific sequences
91
What do non-specific endonucleases do?
Cut at random within polynucleotides
92
What do exonucleases do?
Degrade polynucleotides from the end
93
What are the 2 types of exonucleases?
- 5’ specific | - 3’ specific
94
What does pre-mRNA contain?
Exons and introns
95
What happens to pre-mRNA?
Introns are cut out, producing mRNA
96
What are the features of splicing?
#NAME?
97
What is splicing dependent on?
The sequence
98
What does pre-mRNA have?
#NAME?
99
Where is pre-mRNA cut?
At a very specific boundary between intron and exon
100
What is pre-mRNA cut by?
A splicesome
101
What makes the splicesome?
A gene
102
What is the result of the splicesome being made by a gene?
It can go wrong
103
What of the mRNA is translated?
Only the ORF
104
What is the transcription end product used for?
The translation template

Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease (14 decks)

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