General Flashcards
(273 cards)
1
Q
Veterinarians can cause iatrogenic infections
A
True
2
Q
Arthropod borne infections are direct infections
A
False
3
Q
Arthropod born infections are indirect infections
A
True
4
Q
Arthropods can be involved in indirect infections
A
True
5
Q
Venereal infections is a direct infection
A
True
6
Q
Drinking water cannot transmit infective agents since it is hypoosmotic
A
False
7
Q
In case of direct infection tissues of the infected animal are contacted with tissues of the host
A
True
8
Q
Aerogenic infection is a form of direct infection
A
False
9
Q
In the case of iatrogenic infection the agent is transmitted by humans
A
True
10
Q
Direct infection happens when infected animals pass the infection with water
A
False
11
Q
If the arthropod is a true vector, if it brings the pathogen into a susceptible animal
A
False
12
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if the pathogen also replicates in the susceptible animal
A
True
13
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if it propagates in the pathogen
A
True
14
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if it can take the pathogen to a further distance
A
False
15
Q
Germinative infection is more frequent in birds than mammals
A
True
16
Q
Germinative infection is very frequent in mammals
A
False
17
Q
Germinative infection is seen in mammals
A
True
18
Q
New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to colostral antibodies
A
False
19
Q
Intrauterine infection happens if the foetus is infected during the pregnancy from the dam
A
True
20
Q
Vertical infection does not occur in mammals
A
False
21
Q
Germinative infection is frequent in mammals, it will result in malformation of the foetueses
A
False
22
Q
Galactogen infection cannot happen when the animals receive colostrum, since the antibodies in the colostrum prevent it
A
False
23
Q
In the case of horizontal infection animals in the same group infect eachother
A
True
24
Q
Galactogen infection is a form of horizontal infections
A
False
25
If the dam infects newborn animals, we speak about horizontal infection
False
26
Germinative infection can occur mainly in mammals
False
27
In the case of galactogen infection the agent is transmitted by milk
True
28
In the case of horizontal infection the agent is spreading between animals of about the same age
True
29
In germinative infection, the placenta is infected by the mother during pregnancy
False
30
Germinative infection is a rare form of horizontal infection
False
31
In germinative infection, the newborn is infected through the milk
False
32
In the case of cyclozoonoses arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infections
False
33
If humans infect animals we speak about metazoonoses
False
34
Cyclozoonoses require an arthropod for transmission
True
35
In the case of saprozoonoses animals and humans are infected from the same source
True
36
In the case of secondary infection, a bacterium infects an individual, which is already infected with a pathogen
True
37
In the case of secondary infection, a new pathogen infects an already cured animal
False
38
In case of secondary infection, two pathogens infect the host simultaneously
False
39
In case of secondary infection, one of the agents is always a virus
False
40
Facultative pathogenic agents are helped by predisposing factors
True
41
Stenoxen agents have a wide host range
False
42
Euryxen agents have a wide host range
True
43
An euryxen agent can infect several host species
True
44
There is no minimum number of agents necessary to infection, because they can replicate in the host
False
45
Mutations generally result in decrease of the virulence
True
46
Immunogenicity of the different agents is different
True
47
There is a minimum number of each agent that is necessary to infect animals
True
48
A minimum amount of bacteria or viruses is needed to a successful infection
True
49
Virulence of an agent can be characterised with its LD50 value
True
50
Pathogenicity means the ability of the agent to cause disease
True
51
Virulence means the level of pathogenicity
True
52
The amount of agent does not influence the outcome of the infection, since it can replicate in the host
False
53
In the case of optimal way of infection the least amount of agent can cause disease
True
54
The virulence of the agents is connected to virulence factors
True
55
Virulence is a stable characteristic of an agent
False
56
The way of infection (entrance of the agents) can influence its outcome
True
57
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed spontaneously
True
58
In case of secondary infection the agent complicates a primary infection
True
59
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed
True
60
The virulence factors help the agents in causing disease
True
61
Virulence variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species
True
62
Pathogenic variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species
True
63
Species specific resistance can be overcome by increasing the number of agents
False
64
Within a pathogenic species no avirulent strains can occur
False
65
Foetuses can have active immune response
True
66
Newborn animals have local immune response
True
67
Foetuses do not have immune reactions
False
68
Fetuses have no active immune response
False
69
The skin, mm and mucous are parts of the non specific resistance system of the host
True
70
The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals; they cannot live without it
False
71
Foetuses have no immune response; they appear only in 2-4 week old animals
False
72
The age of the animals does not influence their susceptibility to a certain agent
False
73
Susceptibility to a disease can be influenced by age
True
74
Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts
True
75
Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts
True
76
Species related resistance means that certain agents cannot cause infection in resistant host species
True
77
Animals cannot be infected with certain agents if they have a species specific resistance
True
78
Certain animal species are resistant to certain agents
True
79
Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response
True
80
Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases
True
81
Gastric juice protect the host from infections
True
82
From 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen
False
83
There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 4 weeks after birth
False
84
Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases
True
85
Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes
True
86
The lesions are at the place of entry of the agent in the case of local infections
True
87
In the case of local infection the site of entry and the lesions are at the same place
True
88
Lesions can be seen in different organs in the case of generalised diseases
True
89
Intra uterine infection can result immune tolerance in the case of some diseases
True
90
Intra uterine infection can result in embryonic death in the case of some diseases
True
91
Intra uterine infection does not occur since the placenta protects the foetus
False
92
Fetuses cannot be infected since the placenta completely isolates them
False
93
The incubation time lasts from the infection till the manifestation of the clinical signs
True
94
Some infective agents have immunosuppressive effect
True
95
Some agents can cause malformations in fetuses
True
96
Subacute diseases last one or 2 days
False
97
In the case of local infections the lesions can be seen at the site of entry
True
98
In the case of generalised infections the agent is generally spreading with blood
True
99
In the case of generalised infections the placenta prevents the infection of the foetus
False
100
The agent does not replicate in dead end hosts
False
101
Dead end hosts do not show clinical signs, they die without signs
False
102
In the case of latent infection the agents are continuously shed
False
103
Latent infection happens when the genome of the agent is integrated in the genome of the host
True
104
In the case of latent infections, the agents are continually shed
False
105
In latent infection, there is no virus shedding
True
106
Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections
False
107
The animals do not carry the agent after recovery from an infectious disease because the immune system eliminates it
False
108
Tolerated infections result in high level of immune reaction
False
109
Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can result tolerated infections
True
110
Infected animals have a high level of antibodies in the case of tolerated infections
False
111
The agent is not shed in the case of inapparent infections
False
112
Dead end hosts do not shed the agent
True
113
Asymptomatic infections can become manifest
True
114
Formation of immune complexes can be a consequence of persistent viral infection
True
115
When the clinical signs disappear, shedding the agent is finished
False
116
In the case of an abortive infection no clinical signs will be seen
True
117
In the case of latent infection only mild clinical signs will be seen
False
118
Animals with tolerated infection shed the agent
True
119
Only animals showing clinical signs can shed infective agents
False
120
In the case of inapparent infections no clinical signs can be seen
True
121
Latent infection is common in Gram-positive bacteria
False
122
In the case of inapparent infections seropositivity can be seen
True
123
Inapparent infections cannot be detected in laboratory examinations
False
124
In case of abortive infection, the animal always aborts
False
125
In case of subclinical infection, the animals can shed the agent
True
126
Tolerated infection can be demonstrated only by serology
False
127
Abortive infection can be demonstrated only by serology
True
128
During a tolerated infection the animals are seropositive
False
129
In the case of latent infection no clinical signs can be seen
False
130
Asymptomatic infections cannot be manifest
False
131
Animals do not carry the agents after recovery from infectious disease
False
132
Mortality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd
True
133
Mortality shows what proportion of diseased animals die
False
134
Morbidity shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd
False
135
Lethality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the number of diseased ones
True
136
Lethality shows the number of died animals compared to the total number of the herd
False
137
Prevalence shows the number of diseased animals compared to the total number of the herd
False
138
Mortality shows the proportion of dead animals compared to the number of diseased ones
False
139
Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease
True
140
Pandemic diseases are fast spreading ones; they are fast transmitted between continents
True
141
Pandemic disease are spreading around the earth
True
142
Endemic diseases occur in small, limited area including a farm, some farms or a village
True
143
Pandemic diseases have no tendency to spread
False
144
Epidemic diseases are spreading in a larger geographical area e.g. in several countries
True
145
Lethality shows the ratio of dead animals and the total stock
False
146
Haemagglutination inhibition test is used for the detection of antigens of certain agents
False
147
Genome of agents is detected with PCR
True
148
Antigens of certain agents can be detected using PCR
False
149
Surface antigens of certain agents are detected by ELISA or PCR
False
150
Infective agents can be detected 2-3 days after using serological tests
False
151
Virus Neutralisation test is used for the detection of antigens of the virus
False
152
Serological tests are used for the detection of antibodies
True
153
MATSA is used in laboratory diagnosis
True
154
MATSA is a form of disease
False
155
Microscopic detection of agents is not used in diagnostic work anymore
False
156
If an animal is infected laboratory tests always detect the agent
False
157
The phase of the pathogenicity can influence the sensitivity of the laboratory tests
True
158
Using serological tests, we detect the antibodies produced against the agent
True
159
Using virus neutralisation test we detect the antibodies produced against the agent
True
160
Polymerase chain reaction is used for the detection of antigens of the agent
False
161
Post mortem lesions help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis
True
162
Epidemiological data help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis
True
163
Antibacterial treatment is forbidden in the EU in the case of viral diseases
False
164
Individual and mass treatment can be combined in the case of some infectious diseases
True
165
Hyperimmune serum can be used for aetiological treatment of certain diseases
True
166
No aetiological treatment is available in the case of viral diseases
False
167
Mass treatment using antibiotics is not allowed in the EU
False
168
Antibiotics can be used for the aetiologic treatment in case of bacterial diseases
True
169
All bacterial agents can be eradicated with antibiotic treatment
False
170
Antibacterial treatment is used in the case of viral diseases in order to prevent bacterial complications
True
171
Antibiotics are used for the treatment of some viral diseases to prevent secondary infections
True
172
Antibiotics are generally used to the aetiological treatment of diseases caused by bacteria
True
173
Use of antibiotics in the case of diseases caused by viruses is not allowed because of antibiotic resistance
False
174
Treatment of certain infectious diseases is prohibited
True
175
Symptomatic treatment is recommended because it can support healing of the diseased animals
True
176
In case of viral diseases, no antibiotics are given
False
177
Antibiotics may be used only until the disappearance of the clinical signs
False
178
Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to prevent resistance
False
179
There is no anti-viral therapy
False
180
Aetiological treatment with anti-bacterial is done, in the case of bacterial diseases
True
181
Using hyperimmune sera is usually not justifiable
True
182
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must be tested for infections
True
183
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must only be observed, there is nothing to do with them if they do not show clinical signs
False
184
Only eggs from the same flock are allowed to be hatches in one hatching machine
True
185
Day-old birds cannot be infected in the hatchery because they are protected by yolk immunity
False
186
All-in-all-out principle is a general epidemiological rule
True
187
The immunoglobulin content in the colostrum is continously decreasing after farrowing
True
188
Maternal antibodies can inhibit the active immune response
True
189
There is no maternal protection in birds
False
190
Maternal protection occurs only in mammals
False
191
Colostrum is the main way of maternal protection in the case of animals with epitheliochorial placenta
True
192
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days
True
193
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks
False
194
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the placenta
False
195
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the colostrum
True
196
Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum
True
197
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is influenced by the nutrition of the dam
True
198
The protein and antibody content of the colostrum is stable in the first week after calving
False
199
Absorption of maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the first three days is not changing
False
200
Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves
True
201
The immunoglobulin content of colostrum is not changed in the first week after birth
False
202
Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth
False
203
Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunisation
True
204
New-born animals cannot be infected from milk thanks to the colostral antibodies
False
205
The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes
True
206
The protein content of the colostrum remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth
False
207
The immune globulin content remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth
False
208
The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth
True
209
Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination
True
210
The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth
True
211
The enteral absorption of immunoglobulins is about the same for a week after birth
False
212
The maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines
True
213
Animals with epitheliochorial placenta have maternal immunity only from colostrum
True
214
The endotheliochorial placenta prevents to transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus
False
215
Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection
False
216
Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains
True
217
Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines
True
218
The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination
True
219
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines
False
220
Inactived vaccines contain inactived bacterial toxins
True
221
The method of vaccination has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccination
False
222
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines
True
223
Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines
True
224
Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines
False
225
In the case of marker vaccines, the field strains and the vaccine strains can be differentiated
True
226
Inactived vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components
True
227
The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the new born animals
False
228
DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines
False
229
According to DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated
True
230
Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents
True
231
Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains
True
232
Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines
True
233
For safety reasons only inactivated vaccines are used
False
234
Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence
True
235
Live vaccines always contain avirulent strains
False
236
Live vaccines can contain attenuated strains
True
237
Live vaccines are less effective than the inactivated ones
False
238
Marker vaccines are used to mark the site of vaccination
False
239
It is not allowed to use inactivated deletion vaccines in the EU
False
240
Live vaccines contain attenuated or avirulent agents
True
241
The agent in a vaccine can influence the level of the immune response of vaccinated animals
True
242
If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated
True
243
Using marker vaccines, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated
True
244
Use of marker vaccines can be combined with "test and remove" eradication
True
245
The immune response produced by an attenuated vaccine is low
False
246
Some attenuated vaccine strains can be immunosuppressive
True
247
Attenuated vaccines induced a quick immune response
True
248
The amount of antigen in the vaccine has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccine
False
249
Newborn animals must be kept isolated when eradication with generation shift is used
True
250
Eradication with generation shift cannot be used if the level of infection is high in the herd
False
251
Eradication using generation shift is mostly used in poultry
False
252
Implantation of washed embryos from non infected dam into infected one is a way of eradication
False
253
Implantation of washed embryos from an infected dam into a non-infected one is a way of eradication
True
254
Eradication using generation shift is mainly used in pig herds
False
255
In the case of generation shift the infected animals must be slaughtered at the beginning of the eradication procedure
False
256
Eradication using selection method can be combined with vaccination
True
257
In the case of generation shift isolate at 1-3 days
True
258
Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of infection
True
259
When eradication is made with selection method, the infected animals are removed from the herd
True
260
Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds
True
261
Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method
False
262
Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease
False
263
Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradication of a disease
True
264
Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious disease, when we remove infected animals
True
265
Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected
False
266
The selection method cannot be combined vaccination
False
267
Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level infection
True
268
There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment
True
269
In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals
True
270
In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated
True
271
In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are eliminated
False
272
In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used
False
273
Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore
False
