General Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
Having many small parts or details
complicated / twisted / complex
A
INTRICATE (adj)
Ex: the farmers use an intricate system of drainage canals.
2
Q
To be in a difficult situation for a long time and not complaining
Tolerate / bear / to cope with
A
ENDURE (v)
Ex: he can’t endure being apart from me.
3
Q
To be formed from a number of substances, parts, or people
Write / formulate / produce
A
COMPOSE (v)
Ex: water is composed OF hydrogen and oxygen.
4
Q
To do something better than someone else or be more successful
Overtake / exceed
A
OUTSTRIP (v)
Ex: ants technical achievements outstrip by far anything achieved by our ancestors.
5
Q
Not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention
ظریف / موشکافانه/ با جزئیات زیاد
A
SUBTLE (adj)
Subtly (adv)
Ex: The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them.
Ex: be aware of the words that can subtly change the meaning.
6
Q
Produced regularly or in large quantity /
Very basic item that consider must have /
Bulk / core
عمده / گیره کاغذ
A
STAPLE
Staple diet: the most important food of a region
7
Q
Affecting many things
Broad/ wide/ extensive
فراگیر/ گسترده
A
SWEEPING
Ex: a new craze is sweeping the nation.
Sweeping changes/cuts/reforms
Ex: they want to make sweeping changes to education policies.
8
Q
Distribute or give something especially in fixed amounts = Give out توزیع کردن/
To not use or do something that people usually do because it is not necessary
صرف نظر کردن
A
DISPENSE
Ex: Villagers dispensed tea to the visitors.
Ex: let’s dispense with formalities
Ex: Ann suggested that they dispense with speeches altogether at the wedding.
Dispense with somebody’s service = no longer employ someone معاف کردن
9
Q
Prove more powerful چیره شدن، مسلط شدن، شایع شدن/
Persuade someone to do something قانع کردن
A
PREVAIL
Ex: it is hard for logic to prevail over emotions.
Ex: the economic conditions which prevail in England and Wales.
prevail on/upon (somebody)
Ex: she prevailed on them to give to her whatever they could spare. قانع کرد
10
Q
The state of including something
شمول/ گنجایش
A
INCLUSION
Ex: the inclusion of her name on the list was controversial(public disagreement).
11
Q
Change someone’s appearance so people can’t recognize them
A
DISGUISE
Disguise yourself as somebody or something
Disguise something as something
Ex: to get into the building i disguise myself as a reporter.
12
Q
To suddenly become active or start/
Break out منفجر شدن، فوران کردن
A
ERUPT (v)
Eruption (n)
Erupt into
Ex: they were angry to the point of erupting into riot.
A volcanic eruption
The eruption of violence
13
Q
A round piece of glass wood plastic etc that has a whole you can put on a string as jewelry
A
Bead
14
Q
Being made into liquid by heating
A
MOLTEN (adj)
Molten glass
Molten lava
15
Q
Forward
A
ONWARD
Onwards and upwards: toward a better condition
Ex: technology has been steadily moving onwards and upwards.
16
Q
سرب
A
Lead
17
Q
When the light changes direction when it passes through the glass or water
A
REFRACT (v)
Refraction (n)
Refractive index
18
Q
Officially ending a law or agreement /
Revoke/ annul/ abolish
لغو/فسخ
A
REPEAL (v n)
Ex: it is too late for the government to repeal the law before the election.
19
Q
The money government collects from the goods that are produced inside a country
A
EXCISE (n) = TAX = LEVY
Excise tax/duty/legislation
Ex: excise duty on tobacco
20
Q
To officially say that people must pay a tax
مالیات بستن بر
A
LEVY (v n)
Ex: a new tax levied on all electrical goods
Levy a tax/fine/charge
21
Q
Relating or happening in one particular country
داخلی/ خانگی
A
DOMESTIC (adj)
Domestic market/economy/demand
Ex: the booming domestic economy
22
Q
A quick increase of business activity
رونق/ توسعه
Flourish/ thrive/ prosper
A
BOOM (n v)
A boom in the market
Ex: the boom has created job opportunities.
Ex: tourism on the island has boomed.
23
Q
The practice or science of growing flowers, fruits ,vegetables
Agriculture/ gardening
A
HORTICULTURAL
Ex: they organize guided walks through horticulturally interesting parks and woods.
24
Q
To help a skill or feeling develop over a period of time/
Promote/encourage
A
FOSTER
Ex: we need to foster an awareness of classical music as well as contemporary music.
25
Doing something in a focused way because you have very strong feelings or beliefs/
Determined/ decisive
مصمم
RESOLUTE (adj)
Ex: this situation requires our resolute action.
Ex: resolute leadership
Resoluteness
Ex: we require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that nations coexist peacefully.
26
The natural home of a plant or animal
HABITAT (n)
Something’s natural/native habitat
A wildlife/woodland/wetland/grassland/marshland/coastland/marine habitat
Damage/destroy/provide/conserve a habitat
Loss of habitat
Destruction of habitat
27
To make a great effort to achieve something
کوشش
STRIVE
**Strive to do something**
Ex: i was still striving to be successful.
Strive for/after
Ex: we must continue to strive for greater efficiency.
28
To become very successful or strong or healthy
رونق یافتن /موفق شدن
THRIVE
Ex: most herbs need direct sun all day in order to thrive.
29
To publicly support a particular way of doing something
طرفداری کردن
ADVOCATE
Ex: some extremists are openly advocating violence
30
To not notice something or not see how important it is
Miss/ disregard
چشم پوشی کردن، غفلت کردن
OVERLOOK (v)
Ex: It is easy to overlook a small detail.
31
Persistance on doing something despite difficulties/ keep trying to achieve something
Tenacity/ determination/ resoluteness پشتکار، استقامت
PERSEVERANCE (n)
Ex: it took perseverance to overcome his problems.
32
A place where large amounts of stone or sand dug out of the ground/ mine
معدن
QUARRY (n v)
Ex: a slate quarry
Ex: recycling reduces the need for raw materials to be quarried.
33
Dark and difficult to see through تیره
Shady/
involving dishonest or illegal activities/
Obscure مبهم
MURKY (adj)
Murky water
Ex: A murky world of fraud and secret deals
Ex: The laws on intellectual property are murky
34
Not well known and usually not important/
Difficult to understand
مبهم، نامفهوم، تیره
OBSCURE (adj v)
Ex:The details of his life remain obscure
Ex:obscure legal phrases
35
To understand something that is complicated or difficult /
Grasp
COMPREHEND (v)
Ex:she cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster.
36
How large, important, or serious something is especially a problem or injury
وسعت حد
EXTENT (n)
To some/a certain extent(=partly)
To a large/great extent(= a large amount)
To a lesser/greater extent
To a considerable/significant extent
To a limited extent
To such an extent that
To the same extent
The extent to which
The full/actual/true extent
Know/realize/understand/discover/assess/establish/determine/reveal the extent of something
37
To take and hold something firmly/
To grip/
To completely understand a fact or idea
GRASP (v)
Ex: I grasped his arm firmly and led him away.
Ex: some people find the idea of relatively difficult to grasp.
Grasp an opportunity
38
The way you hold something tightly/
To hold something tightly/
Grasp
GRIP (n v)
A firm/tight/good/iron grip
Have/get/take a grip
39
To understand or think of something or someone in a particular way/ و تصور کردن برداشت
(Formal)To notice or recognize something/
Become conscious درک کردن
PERCEIVE (v)
Ex: I perceive a slight difference
Perceive something as something
Perceive somebody to be somebody
Ex: often what is perceived to be aggression is simply fear
Perceptive: someone who notices things quickly
Perceived: محسوس، مشهود =detected,sensed
a perceived threat
A perceived difference
40
Able to live both in land and in water
AMPHIBIOUS (adj)
Ex: most species of frogs are amphibious
41
To carry out a particular activity or process to get information هدایت کردن, اداره کردن/
The way someone behaves especially in public or their job = Behavior رفتار، سلوک
CONDUCT (v n)
Conduct a survey/investigation/review/research/campaign/experiment
Ex: we are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food
Ex: they were arrested for disorderly conduct.
Ex: sports industry should maintain the highest standards of conduct.
42
To sent out gas, heat, light, sound
منتشر کردن، به بیرون فرستادن
EMIT (v)
Ex: the kettle emitted a shrill whistle
43
Happening at exactly the right moment
(Right/as if) ON CUE
Ex: Then, on cue, the weather changed.
Ex: as if on cue, he arrived.
44
Land that is owned by a particular country, ruler, or military force
قلمرو
TERRITORY (n)
Occupied/enemy/disputed/hostile/uncharted/unexplored territory
45
An animal that is hunted and eaten by other animals
PREY (n)
Ex: they become a prey to nameless and often unspoken fears.
46
Surprisingly large or impressive/
Magnificent شگفت انگیز بهت آور
STUPENDOUS (adj)
Ex: A stupendous achievement/success
47
Used to emphasize that something is extremely large Gigantic/giant/enormous/extremely large عظیم الجثه غول آسا
COLOSSAL (adj)
Ex: A colossal statue of the king
48
To be in charge of something or someone and check that a piece of work is done satisfactorily/
Supervise
OVERSEE (v)
Ex: he was there to oversee the debate.
49
To be more than a particular amount/
To go beyond what rules allowed
To be better than Surpass/ outstrip
قدم فراتر نهادن، بالغ شدن بر، تجاوز کردن از
EXCEED (v)
Ex: economic growth exceeded expectations this year.
Exceedingly= extremely
Ex: this is small but exceedingly well-measured.
50
An activity that you do for pleasure or enjoyment
Hobby/leisure/pastime
تفریح
RECREATION (n)
Ex: the provision of recreation facilities
Recreation area/ground/room
Recreational activity/facility/service
51
Large in size, amount or degree
وسیع
EXTENSIVE (adj)
Ex: fire has caused extensive damage to the island’s forests.
52
To consist of particular parts/
Be composed of/
Make up
دربرداشتن
شامل بودن
COMPRISE (v)
Ex: women comprise a high proportion of part-time workers
Often used passive with of
Ex: the organization is comprised of four parts.
**The whole of something comprises its parts**
53
Including all the necessary facts, details/
Thorough/ complete/ overarching/ all-inclusive/ all-embracing
COMPREHENSIVE (adj)
Ex: rewarding both excellence achievers and improvements is a comprehensive approach.
A comprehensive range of something
A comprehensive study/assessment/survey/guid/report/service/programme/information
Fully/fairly/reasonably/extremely comprehensive
54
Put someone or something into a high rank or position
تمجید کردن
Exalt
Ex: the essay exalts the simple beauty of the country.
55
To talk about how good something is and try to persuade others
Preach
Ex: they preach the abolition of established systems but propose nothing to replace them
Preach the merits/benefits of something
56
To compete against someone رقابت کردن
Or
To argue that something is correct= insist ادعا کردن
Contend
Ex: three armed groups are contending for power
Ex: some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously thought.
57
To have to deal with something difficult
= cope with
Contend with
Ex: the rescue team also had bad weather condition to contend with.
58
Energy, ability, and strength to do something or continue
سرزندگی
Vitality
Ex: the senator promised to restore the economic vitality of the region.
59
To sell things and goods especially illegal ones
Peddle
Ex: they were accused of peddling drugs.
60
To deliberately avoid someone or something
دوری و اجتناب کردن
Shun
Ex: some young women are shunned by their families when they become pregnant outside of marriage.
61
A special plan of food, exercise etc
= regime
Regimen
Ex: patients maintain a strict dietary regimen.
62
Belonging to or inherited from ancestors
اجدادی
Ancestral
Ex: the family’s ancestral home
63
Someone who had your job before you
Or
A machine or system that existed before another one in a process of development
Opposite: successor
Predecessor
Ex: Kennedy’s predecessor as president was a war hero.
64
Ancestor / forerunner
Forebear
Ex: if only he had lavished that kind of discrimination on their forebear.
65
To give someone or something a lot of love, praise, money etc
Or
Large, impressive, or expensive
Or
very generous
Lavish(v,adj)
Ex: he lavished attention on her.
Lavish something on/upon somebody
Lavish somebody with something
Ex: a royal palace on a lavish scale
Ex: we were always lavish with financial aid in times of crisis.
66
To prove or say something is wrong or unfair
=rebut/ deny
رد کردن، تکذیب کردن
Refute
Ex: An attempt to refute Darwin’s theories
Ex: She refuted any allegations of malpractice
Refute a hypothesis/ a claim/ an idea/ a suggestion/ an allegation
67
To stay alive when you only have small amount of food or money
= survive
Subsist
Ex: we had to _subsist on_ bread and water.
Ex: old people often have to _subsist on_ very low income.
68
A particular quality in someone’s character
خصیصه
Trait
Ex: a mental illness associated with particular personality traits
Ex: pride seems to be one of our family traits
Personality/ genetic/ character/ inherited traits
69
A large untidy pile of things
Heap
Ex: The envelopes for posting _lay in a heap_ on her desk.
Ex: We piled the branches _into heaps_ for burning.
70
A quality that is …….. in something is a natural part of it
ذاتی
Inherent
Ex: Every business has its own inherent risks.
Ex: I’m afraid the problems you mentioned are _inherent in_ the system.
71
To mean something /
To represent or be a sign of something = indicate
نشان دادن، معنی کردن
Denote
Ex: what does the word ‘curriculum ‘ denote that ’course’ does not?
Ex: crosses on the map denote villages.
72
To imply or suggest in addition to the literal or primary meaning of a word
مفهوم
Connote
Ex: The word ‘plump’ connotes cheerfulness.
73
Something that encourages you to do something or start a new activity
Incentive
Create/provide/give somebody an incentive
Incentive to do something
Economic/financial/tax incentives
Ex: as an added incentive, there is a bottle of champagne for the best team.
Ex: a recycling drive, backed with financial incentives
74
(Formal)To expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them
Or
To force people to accept a rule,punishment or tax
Or
To force someone to have the same idea or belief
Or
To have a bad effect on someone or something and cause problem for them
تحمیل کردن، اعمال نفوذ کردن
Impose
Ex: we could ask to stay the night, but i don’t want to impose on them.
Ex: the court can impose a fine on the defendant.
Ex: parents who impose their own moral values on their children
Ex: military spending imposes a huge strain on the economy.
Impose a ban/tax/burden/hardship/strain on something
75
Treating one person or group differently from others in an unfair way
Or
Recognition and understanding of the difference between one thing and another
تبعیض/ تمیز و تشخیص
Discrimination
Ex: widespread discrimination against older people in the job market.
Ex: discrimination in favor of university graduates.
Racial/sex/religious discrimination
Positive discrimination = affirmative action
Reverse discrimination
Ex: discrimination between right and wrong.
76
A person or company that is paid to take packages somewhere
پیک
Courier
Ex: a courier arrived with the documents just before the meeting.
77
The process of taking away an amount from a total
کسر
Deduction
Ex: after deduction for tax, your salary is about £700 a month.
78
The process of using the knowledge or information you have in order to understand something
استنتاج
Deduction
Ex: children will soon _make deductions_ about the meaning of a word.
79
Use your knowledge and information in order to understand something
نتیجه گیری
Deduce
Ex: from her son’s age, i deduced that her husband must be at least 60.
80
Become less in amount or level usually just for a short time = fall
پایین آمدن
Dip
Ex: profits dipped below slightly last year.
Ex: temperature dipped to -10°C last night.
81
The entrance to a room or building
Or
The level at which something starts to happen
آستان
آستانه
Threshold
Ex: she opened the door and stepped across the threshold.
Ex: eighty percent of the vote was the threshold for approval of the plan.
A high/low pain/boredom threshold (the ability or inability to suffer a lot of pain or boredom before you react to it)
82
At the beginning of a new and important event or development
= brink
Be on the threshold of something
Ex: the creature is on the threshold of extinction.
83
Something that must be done because it is the law or someone in authority orders it
اجباری
= obligatory(formal)
=mandatory(formal and stronger)
Compulsory
Ex: the threat of compulsory redundancies (when an employer needs to reduce their workforce, and the employees selected for redundancy have no option but to leave the organization)
Ex: 11 years of compulsory education
Ex: car insurance is compulsory
84
Something that must be done because of a law or rule
واجب
Obligatory
Ex: it is obligatory for companies to provide details of their industrial processes.
85
If something is……… the law says it must be done
Mandatory
Ex: murder carries a mandatory life sentence.
Ex: crash helmets are mandatory for motorcyclists.
86
To control an activity or process especially by rules
تنظیم کردن
Regulate
Ex: strict rules regulating the use of chemicals in food.
87
Domino effect
Knock-on effect
Ripple effect
Ex: the increase had a ripple effect through the whole financial market.
88
A continuing increase in prices, or the rate at which prices increase
تورم
Inflation
Ex: one key cause of persistent hunger is the inflation of food prices.
Ex: inflation is now over 16%.
89
To an extent that is too large or too small in comparison with something else
به صورت نامتناسب
Disproportionately
Ex: a tax cut would disproportionately benefit the rich.
Ex: the inflation of food prices would disproportionately affect lower-income populations.
90
To prevent something from continuing in its usual way by causing problems
منقطع کردن
مختل کردن
Disrupt
Ex: climate change could disrupt the agricultural economy.
91
Something or someone that is involved or used in a business
Input
Ex: the shortage of agricultural inputs has driven up production costs globally.
92
More or to a greater degree
بیشتر، به علاوه
Further
Ex:a spokesman declined to comment until the evidence could be studied further.
93
If fighting, violence or a bad situation …….. it becomes much worse
تشدید شدن
وخیم شدن
Escalate
Ex: we do not want to escalate the war.
Ex: her fear was escalating into panic.
94
To make a bad situation worse = aggravate
بدتر کردن
تشدید کردن
Exacerbate
Ex: The recession has exacerbated this problem.
Ex: traditional agricultural methods are significantly exacerbating hunger.
95
To improve the way that something is done or used so that it is as effective as possible
بهینه کردن
Optimize
Ex: they need to optimize the use of available resources.
96
To make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful or serious
= alleviate
تسکین دادن
Mitigate
Ex: measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal.
97
Tendency to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse
نوسانات
Volatility
Ex: the volatility of the political situation is worrying.
98
To take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen/
To use a method/
apply
انجام ، اجرا
Implement
Ex: cost-cutting measures have been implemented in most hospitals.
Implement a policy/plan/decision
99
To gradually increase in number or amount until there is a large quantity
جمع شدن، انباشتن
Accumulate
Ex: fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs.
Accumulated جمع شده
Ex: the accumulated toxins in their body.
100
To cover something with water or another liquid
غوطه ور ساختن
Submerge
Ex: houses had been flooded and cars submerged.
Ex: drooling excessively submerges our pillow.
101
To strengthen the position of power or success that you have so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer
محکم کردن
To combine things in order to make them more effective or easier to deal with
یکی کردن
Consolidate
Ex: the first phase of the project is to consolidate the outside walls.
Ex: we consolidate the information from a wide range of sources.
102
The lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy
محرومیت
Deprivation
Ex: sleep deprivation can result in mental disorders.
Social/economic/emotional deprivation
103
Something that helps a process to develop more quickly and more strongly
محرک
Stimulus (pl stimuli)
Ex: tax cuts provided the stimulus the slow economy needed.
Ex: at this age, the infant begins to react more to visual stimuli.
104
A protective covering that fits closely around something
غلاف
Sheath
Ex: The wire is covered by an outer plastic sheath.
105
To cover or protect something with a material that stops electricity, sound, heat etc from getting in or out
عایق کردن
Insulate
Ex: pipes may need insulating against the cold.
Insulation(n)
Ex: good insulation can save you money on heating bills.
106
To believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something
consider as being caused by something
نسبت دادن
Attribute something to someone/something
Ex: the fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.
107
A quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful
جنبه، صفت
Attribute(n)
Ex: what attributes should a good manager possess?
108
To calculate the value of something and express it as a number or amount
کمی سازی کردن
Quantify
Ex: researchers attempt to quantify the number of hours of practice that it takes to master a skill.
109
The organization of people or things so that they work together well
تناسب، هماهنگی
Coordination
Ex: coordination is built with repetition, whether correct or incorrect.
Ex: too much alcohol affects your coordination.
Ex: the coordination of our economic policies.
110
To use a particular amount of time for something or give a particular share of money, space etc to someone or something
= allocate
تخصیص دادن، اختصاص دادن
Allot
Ex: frequent practice with allotted breaks are common practice habits of elite performers.
Ex: try and allot two or three hours a day to revision.
111
To give support and make something stronger
تقویت کردن، مستحکم کردن
Reinforce
Ex: the dam was reinforced with 20000 sandbags.
Ex: the film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and dumb.
112
To understand or explain something that is mysterious or complicated
حل کردن، از هم باز کردن
Unravel
Ex: detectives are still trying to unravel the mystery surrounding his death.
113
The act of keeping something نگهداری
The continued possession, use, or control of something /
The ability to keep something in mind
Retention
Ex: The UN will vote on the retention of sanctions against Iraq.
Ex: we have detected a definite improvement in employee retention.
Ex: i have a real problem with retention of information.
Ex: the soil’s retention of moisture.
114
To increase quickly to a high level/
To fly or rise high in the air
اوج گرفتن، بالاروی
Soar
Ex: her temperature soared.
Ex: the price of petrol has soared in recent weeks.
115
The way you think about something and your idea of what it is like /
The way you notice things with your senses of sight or hearing etc
ادراک
Perception
Ex: The public perception of the government’s performance.
Ex: visual perception
116
At the edge or margin / minor and too small to be important
OPPOSITE: significant
Marginal
Ex: marginal notes
Ex: a marginal increase in the unemployment figures
117
Exactly half / partly not completely
Semi
Ex: a semicircle
Ex: semi-arid lands
118
To move slowly and quietly without attracting attention
Creep
Ex: Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards over the last century.
Creep in/into/over/around/along/down/away
119
To become worse
= degenerate / escalate
Deteriorate
Ex: America’s deteriorating economy
120
Continuing for a long time
Prolonged (adj)
Ex: prolonged exposure to the sun
121
To deliberately make a feeling or activity last longer
= lengthen
Prolong (v)
Ex: i was trying to think of some ways to prolong the conversation.
122
To prevent or avoid problem or the need to do something
= eliminate
رفع کردن، مرتفع کردن
Obviate
Ex: the new treatment obviates the need for surgery.
123
To move forward or progress or increase in amount
Advance (v)
Ex: the Kalahari desert advances into parts of South Africa.
124
Operated, controlled, or influenced by something نشأت گرفتن
Driven by
Ex: poor agricultural land use is driven by the pressures of increasing population
Ex: computer-driven
125
To tie things firmly together / to stick together in a mass
Bind
Ex: tree roots help to bind the soil together
126
To prevent something from continuing
= stop
Halt
Ex: conservation of tree cover and sustainable agriculture land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soil.
127
A …… plan, idea, or method can work successfully
مناسب رشد و ترقی، عملب
Viable
Viable Solution/ alternative/ option/ proposition/ business/
Economically/ commercially/ financially viable
Ex: a viable agricultural economy
128
The ability to continue doing something difficult or painful over a long period of time تحمل، پایداری
Endurance
Ex: she was pushed **beyond** her _powers of endurance_.
Ex: the marathon is a _test of endurance_.
Physical/mental endurance
Endurance sports/training
129
To think that rules are very important/
A person who insists on a certain quality
جدی و وسواسی
be a stickler for detail/rules/accuracy etc
Ex: I am a stickler when it comes to accuracy.
130
(Formal)Used to add information that reduces the force of what you have just said = although
اگرچه
Albeit
Ex: he accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation.
Ex: Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly.
131
(Formal)showing a special friendliness to other people because you share interests or ideas with them برادرانه، دوستانه
Fraternal (adj)
Ex: fraternal solidarity amongst union members
_fraternal association/organization/society_
132
one of several parts that together make up a whole = constituent جزء ، مولفه
component
Ex: companies that make electronic components for computer products
_key/major/important etc component_
Ex: Exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle.
133
extremely large = enormous عظیم، وسیع
immense
Ex: Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone.
134
at a very early stage of development جنینی، رویانی
embryonic
Ex: The plans are still only in embryonic form.
Ex: embryonic development
Ex: embryonic cells
135
if an attitude, way of behaving etc is ........ it's natural part of a person's character that they are born with and cannot change نهادینه شده
hardwired
Ex: The desire to communicate seems to be hard-wired into our brains.
136
(formal) not possible to change
تغییرناپذیر، غیرمتغیر
unalterable
Ex: an unalterable fact
137
someone who is the first to discover or develop new methods of doing something پیشگام
trailblazer
Ex: a trailblazer in the field of medical research
138
ordinary and not interesting because of a lack of new or different ideas = trivial پیش پا افتاده
banal
Ex: most of film's dialogue was banal.
139
being part of the nature or character of someone or something ذاتی، باطنی
opposite= extrinsic
intrinsic
Ex: the intrinsic interest of the subject
_intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of something_
Ex: Flexibility is _intrinsic to_ creative management.
140
an activity which is fast and not very organized = frantic آشفته، دیوانه
frenetic
Ex: She rushes from job to job at a _frenetic pace_.
141
extremely worried and frightened about a situation, so that you cannot control your feelings/
extremely hurried and using a lot of energy, but not very organized = hectic
frantic
_get/become frantic_
Ex: There was still no news of Jill, and her parents were getting frantic.
Ex: I spent three frantic days trying to get everything ready.
_frantic effort/attempt_
_frantic pace/rush/haste_
142
making you feel that something bad is going to happen شوم، بدشگون
ominous
Ex: The car is making an ominous rattling sound.
143
a very slight, hardly noticeable difference in manner, color, meaning etc اختلاف مختصر، نکات ظریف و دقیق
nuance(n)
Ex: He was aware of every nuance in her voice.
_subtle/delicate nuance_
144
(formal) when you have to pay a fine, debt, or a cost because of something you have done/
when something unpleasant happen to you because of something you have done متحمل شدن، موجب شدن
incur(v)
Ex: If the council loses the appeal, it will incur all the legal costs.
Ex: the heavy losses incurred by airlines since September 11th
_incur expenses/costs/losses/debts_
Ex: She wondered what she’d done to incur his displeasure this time.
_incur somebody’s displeasure/wrath/disapproval_
145
to emphasize the fact that something is important or true = underline تاکید کردن
underscore
Ex: The report underscores the importance of childhood immunizations
146
lack of agreement ناهماهنگی، ناجوری
opposite= consonance
dissonance(n)
dissonant(adj)
Ex: "Does this dissonance between politicians and voters matter?"
147
a difficult or unpleasant situation in which you do not know what to do, or in which you have to make a difficult choice وضع نامساعد، مخمصه
predicament
Ex: the country’s economic predicament
Ex: Other married couples are in a similar predicament.
148
a particular area of activity, work, knowledge etc حوزه، قلمرو، دایره
sphere
_public/economic/social/private/political/domestic sphere_
Ex: Unions became more active in the political sphere.
Ex: Men still controlled the public sphere.
149
to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subject = restrict محدود کردن
to keep someone in a place that they cannot leave, such as a prison
to stop something bad from spreading to another place
confine
Ex: We confined our study to ten cases.
_confine something to something_
_be confined in something_
Ex: He was allegedly confined in a narrow dark room for two months.
Ex: Firefighters managed to confine the fire to the living room.
150
to make a plan or wish become true عملی کردن، تحقق بخشیدن
actualize
Ex: Mistakes are a necessary part of actualizing your vision.
151
reasonable and likely to be true or successful پذیرفتنی، محتمل
plausible
Ex: a plausible explanation
Ex: a plausible approach
152
too unusual or strange to be explained or understood = incomprehensible , strange غیرقابل توضیح، دشوار
inexplicable
Ex: inexplicable behavior
Ex: For some inexplicable reason, he felt depressed.
153
someone who gets advantages from an action or change ذینفع /
someone who receives money or property from someone else who has died
beneficiary(n)
Ex: The rich were the main beneficiaries of the tax cuts.
Ex: He was the chief _beneficiary of_ his father’s will.
154
(formal) the extreme and worrying seriousness of a situation/
an extremely serious way of behaving or speaking
= seriousness وقار، جدیت، اهمیت
gravity
Ex: I could not hide from her the gravity of the situation.
Ex: The penalties should be proportionate to the gravity of the offense.
Ex: The Consul spoke slowly and with great gravity.
155
the ability to do something well شایستگی/
(formal) a skill needed to do a particular job صلاحیت
competence (n)
Ex: Students will gain _competence in_ a wide range of skills.
Ex: He questioned the _competence of_ the government.
Ex: Typing is considered by most employers to be a basic competence. (competency)
156
able to be extended or stretched
capable of being thrust out قابل تعمیم، توسعه پذیر
extensible
Ex: an extensible architecture designed to accommodate changes
157
to stop people from opposing the government, especially by using force سرکوب کردن/
if important information or opinions are suppressed, people are prevented from knowing about them, even if they have a right to know/
to stop yourself from showing your feelings/
to prevent something from growing or developing, or from working effectively توقیف کردن، مانع شدن
suppress
Ex: The uprising was ruthlessly suppressed.
Ex: The police were accused of suppressing evidence.
Ex: suppressed anger
Ex: The virus suppresses the body’s immune system.
158
(formal) to obtain something without permission = steal ربودن
purloin
Ex: He must have purloined a key from somewhere.
159
the throwing off or back of light, heat, sound, or any form of energy انعکاس، بازتاب
something that shows what something else is like, or that is a sign of a particular situation
reflection
_an accurate/true reflection_
_a direct/fair/sad/pale reflection_
Ex: His speech was an accurate _reflection of_ the public mood.
160
to make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse بدتر کردن opposite = improve
to make someone angry or annoyed = irritate خشمگین کردن
aggravate
Ex: Their money problems were _further aggravated_ by a rise in interest rates.
Ex: Building the new road will only _aggravate the situation_.
Ex: What really aggravates me is the way she won’t listen.
161
(formal) if a particular period of time passes سپری شدن، گذشتن
elapse
Ex: Several months elapsed before his case was brought to trial.
Ex: The assignment must be completed within an overall elapsed time of one week.
162
extremely unwilling to spend money صرفه جو، خسیس
parsimonious
163
boundless
without limits or an end نامحدود
illimitable
Ex: the illimitable human capacity for evil
164
the sameness
a sound that is unchanging in pitch and without intonation یکنواخت
monotone
Ex: He answered all the lawyer’s questions in a dull monotone.
Ex: he sat and answered the questions _in a monotone_.
165
a thief, especially one of a group that attacks people in mountains or forests
someone who lives by robbery راهزن
brigand
166
being determined in advance = predestination از پیش تعیین شده، تقدیر
foreordination
Ex: we are such good friends, it's almost like we were foreordained to meet.
167
reasonable, practical, and showing good judgment معقول/
suitable for a particular purpose, and practical rather than fashionable/
(formal) noticeable
sensible
Ex: It’s sensible to keep a note of your passport number.
Ex: Eat a sensible diet and exercise daily.
Ex: a sensible increase in temperature
_sensibility_ : power to perceive or feel Ex: the sensibility of the artist
168
(formal) to give someone back the money that they have spent on something تسویه کردن
defray costs/expenses
Ex: The proceeds from the competition help to defray the expenses of the evening.
169
(formal) to prevent someone from doing what they are trying to do خنثی کردن، مخالفت کردن، جلوگیری کردن
thwart
Ex: Fierce opposition thwarted the government’s plans.
Ex: thwarted ambition
170
an argument to obtain some desired action دادخواست ،تقاضا/
an excuse for something عذر
plea
Ex: a _plea for_ help
Ex: The parents made an emotional _plea to_ their child’s kidnappers.
Ex: He refused the appointment on a plea of illness.
171
a well from which the water is forced up out of the ground by natural pressure چاه خودجوش
artesian well
172
to force something into a small space چپاندن
cram
Ex: A lot of information has been crammed into this book.
Ex: Jill _crammed_ her clothes _into_ the bag.
173
to flow out of something quickly in large quantities, or to make something flow out in this way بیرون ریختن، فوران کردن
spew
Ex: Factory chimneys _spewed_ fumes _out_ into the sky.
_spew from/into/over_
Ex: tons of carbon dioxide is spew into the atmosphere every year.
174
if something bad, such as crime or disease, is widespread, and there is a lot of it and it is very difficult to control شایع، حکم فرما
rampant
Ex: Pick pocketing is rampant in the downtown area.
Ex: rampant inflation
175
when attitudes or behavior are firmly established and therefore difficult to change ریشه دار
ingrained
Ex: The idea of doing our duty is _deeply ingrained_ in most people.
Ex: ingrained habbit
176
a lot of criticism, questions, complaints etc that are said at the same time, or very quickly one after another رگباری
barrage(n)
Ex: a barrage of questions
Ex: the barrage of advertisement we encounter every day.
177
to consider that two things are similar or connected یکسان فرض کردن، برابر گرفتن
equate
Ex: Most people equate wealth with success.
_equate sth with sth_
178
someone who is polite, confident, and relaxed, sometimes in an insincere way =smooth مودب، شیک
suave
Ex: a suave and sophisticated gentleman
179
(formal) to change your attitude and become less strict or cruel towards someone = give in خرد شدن، نرم شدن
relent
Ex: At last her father relented and came to visit her.
180
strict, cruel, or determined, without ever stopping بی رحم, پیگیر, سرسخت
relentless
Ex: her relentless determination to succeed
Ex: He questioned her relentlessly.
Ex: relentless pursue of profit
181
to refuse to obey a law or rule, or refuse to do what someone in authority tells you to do سرپیچی کردن، ضدیت داشتن
defy
Ex: people who openly defy the law
Ex: age_defying
182
signs etc that clearly show something has happened or exists, often something that is a secret = trail گویای
telltale sign/mark/scent
Ex: They examined the child carefully, looking for telltale signs of abuse.
183
to happen at the same time as something else, especially by chance مصادف شدن، همزمانی
if two people’s ideas, opinions etc coincide, they are the same : coincidence منطبق شدن
coincide (v)
Ex: His entry to the party _coincided with_ his marriage.
Ex: The show is _timed to coincide_ with the launch of a new book.
_planned/timed/arranged to coincide_
Ex: The interests of the US and those of the islanders may not coincide.
184
becoming old and showing the effects of getting older = ageing
پیر شدن
senescent (adj)
Ex: a senescent industry
senescence (n)
185
to refusing to accept someone as a member of a group by people طرد کردن، با ارائه عمومی تبعید کردن
ostracize
Ex: She was afraid that if she spoke up her colleagues would ostracize her.
Ex: he was ostracized by the other students.
ostracism (n)
186
someone or something that has the same job or purpose as someone or something else in a different place همتا
counterpart (n)
Ex: Belgian officials are discussing this with their French counterparts.
Ex: American chief executives are paid far more than their counterparts in the UK.
187
the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do(unc.) ابتکارعمل/
an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem(cou.)
initiative (n)
Ex: I wish my son would _show_ more _initiative_.
Ex:Don’t keep asking me for advice. _Use_ your _initiative_./
Ex: a new _initiative for_ peace in the Middle East
Ex: a government initiative to help exporters
188
A small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined.
A single example of something, often an animal or plant نمونه، مدل
specimen (n)
Ex: a blood specimen
Ex: a _specimen of_ rock
Ex: a very fine specimen of 12th-century glass
189
a quality or feeling that seems to surround or come from a person or a place هاله، تشعشع
aura
Ex: i am fascinated by the mysterious aura of Mona Lisa.
Ex: The building retains an aura of mystery.
190
when help, advice, or other services are provided for people who would not otherwise get these services easily
outreach (n)
Ex: outreach centers for drug addicts
Ex: community outreach program برنامه کمک رسانی اجتماعی
191
to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there قطع کردن، جلوگیری کردن، حائل شدن
intercept
Ex: an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
Ex: His phone calls were intercepted.
192
to hide something, especially by carefully putting it somewhere. Also used when talking about hiding your feelings, especially in negative sentences مخفی کردن، پنهان کردن، پوشاندن
conceal
Ex: Several kilos of drugs were concealed in the back of the truck.
Ex: He could not conceal his feelings any longer.
Ex: The girl quickly concealed the photograph she had been gazing at.
193
to come together in a group, opp = disperse جمع شدن، اجتماع کردن
congregate
Ex: Crowds began to congregate to hear the president’s speech.
194
to try to fit two or more jobs, activities etc into your life, especially with difficulty/
to change things or arrange them in the way you want, or in a way that makes it possible for you to do something تقلا کردنن، چند کار را مدیریت کردن، دستکاری کردن
juggle
Ex: It’s hard trying to _juggle_ a _job with kids_ and the housework.
Ex: If I _juggle_ these _appointments around_, I can fit you in.
195
if a group of people disperse or are dispersed, they go away in different directions پراکنده شدن(کردن)، متفرق شدن(کردن)
disperse
Ex: Police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.
Ex: The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had gathered.
196
to plant or scatter seeds on a piece of ground (=scatter, spread) کاشتن، پخش کردن، بذرافشانی/
to do something that will cause a bad situation in the future تنفرپراکنی
sow (sowed-sown)
Ex: Sow the seeds in late March.
Ex: These fields used to be _sown with oats_.
Ex: repressive laws that are _sowing the seeds of_ future conflicts
_sow doubt/confusion/dissatisfaction_
197
if a price or amount fluctuates, it keeps changing and becoming higher and lower = vary نوسان کردن، متغیر بودن
fluctuate
Ex: Prices were volatile, _fluctuating between_ $20 and $40.
Ex: Insect populations _fluctuate wildly_ from year to year.
Ex: The number of children in the school _fluctuates around_ 100.
198
to become gradually less, smaller etc, and often stop or disappear completely
tail off
Ex: Profits tailed off towards the end of the year.
199
if prices, interest rates etc recede, they decrease کم شدن، دور شدن، عقب نشینی کردن
recede
Ex: Growth was expected to recede throughout the year.
Ex: The domestic market is receding.
200
a sudden large increase in the number or rate of something
spike (n,v)
Ex: a _spike in_ interest rates
Ex: New telephone orders have spiked in the last two years.
Ex: oil prices would spike and fall again.
201
