General 2 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
A possible future effect or result of an action, event or decision
پیامد احتمالی
Something that happens indirectly /
A situation in which it is shown that someone is involved in something مداخله
A
Implication
Ex: this election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democracy.
Consider/discuss/examine the implications
Practical/financial/potential implications
*usually when used in the plural, implications are effects or consequences that may happen in the future.
Ex: the implication of the former Chief of Staff in a major scandal.
2
Q
When a new idea, method or product become used instead of the old one because it is more modern or effective
= replace
جایگزین شدن
A
Supersede
Ex: The old models of car have now been superseded.
3
Q
Great skill at doing something
توانمندی
A
Prowess (n)
Ex: his prowess as a fisherman
Physical/military/academic prowess
4
Q
The ability to keep increasing, developing or being more successful انرژی، تب و تاب، جنبش
The force that makes a moving object keep moving عامل شتاب دهنده، سرعت
A
Momentum
Ex: government often lose momentum in their second term of office.
Ex: the campaign gained momentum as more volunteers joined.
Gain/gather/lose momentum
Give something momentum
Sustain momentum (=keep being successful)
Ex: American diplomats have already moved to sustain momentum by arranging for parallel talks between the two sides.
Ex: They celebrated when Glasgow’s region voted ’yes’ on Scottish independence, savouring the momentum (excitment) gifted by Scotland’s largest city
5
Q
To use a power, influence etc in order to make something happen
اعمال کردن، به کار بردن
=apply, employ
A
Exert
Ex: environmental groups are exerting pressure on the government to tighten pollution laws.
Exert pressure/influence/control/power/authority/discipline/effort
Exert yourself = to work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental energy
Ex: he needs to exert himself to try to find an answer.
6
Q
Very many
بی شمار، متعدد
A
Multitudinous
Ex: the multitudinous array of chemical substances that exist in the natural world.
Ex: multitudinous rugs kept us warm.
7
Q
A method, product, practice… that has been used for a long time and is considered the usual way متعارف
= normal, standard, usual
A
Conventional
Ex: internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
Ex: he is a strong believer in conventional morals.
8
Q
An important change in which the usual way of thinking or doing something is replaced by another way تغییر رویه
A
Paradigm shift
Ex: can we expect to see a paradigm shift, where people want to drive less?
Ex: The use of gigabit networks has enabled a major paradigm shift to image-based communication.
9
Q
A group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive = range = collection آرایه، صف
To put soldiers in position ready to fight/به صف درآوردن
To wear clothes especially of good quality/
To arrange something in an attractive way زینت دادن
A
Array (n v)
Ex: a dazzling array of flowers
Ex: a bewildering array of options
Ex: Australia is known for its exotic array of animals طیف
A vast/impressive/wide array
Ex: she came in, arrayed in all her finery.
Ex: make-up arrayed on the bathroom counter
10
Q
A large formal meeting for people who belong to the same profession or organization or who have the same interests/ مجمع، انجمن
A formal agreement = pact, treaty قرارداد
Behavior that most people in a society consider to be normal =custom عرف
A
Convention
Ex: the city’s new convention center
Ex: the European convention on human rights
Ex: playing together teaches children social conventions such as sharing.
Ex: by convention, the bride’s father gives her away at her wedding.
11
Q
(Formal) To try hard تلاش کردن/
An attempt to do something hard or new کوشش
A
Endeavor (v n)
Ex: we always endeavor to please our customers.
Ex: an outstanding example of human endeavor
12
Q
To strongly disapprove someone or something, especially because you think it’s morally wrong /
To give someone a severe punishment because they are guilty of a crime
محکوم کردن
To state officially that something is not safe enough to be used کلنگی اعلام کردن، اعلام خرابی کردن
A
Condemn (condemnation)
Ex: politicians were quick to condemn the bombing.
Condemn someone/something as something
Ex: the law has been condemned as an attack on personal liberty.
condemn something/somebody for (doing) something
Ex: she knew that society would condemn her for leaving her children.
condemn somebody to something
Ex: he was found guilty and condemned to death.
Ex: an old house that had been condemned. مصادره شده
Ex: the pool was closed after being condemned as a health hazard.
Strongly/roundly صریحا/vehementlyشدید،غضبناک/vigorouslyشدیدا/fiercelyسخت، حریصانه condemn
Widely/publicly/openly condemn
Utterlyمطلقا/unequivocallyآشکارا condemn
13
Q
(Formal)Completely clear and without any possibility of doubt = utter
صریح
A
Unequivocal
Ex: his answer was an unequivocal ‘No’.
unequivocally = utterly
14
Q
(Formal) to officially judge how successful, effective, or valuable something is = evaluate
تخمین زدن، ارزیابی کردن
A
Appraise
Ex: some companies are considering team appraisal instead of appraising individuals.
Ex: the property was appraised at $28 million.
15
Q
(Formal) to officially criticize someone for something they have done wrong/
The act of expressing strong disapproval and criticism
سرزنش کردن, انتقاد
A
Censure(v n)
Ex: he was officially censured for his handling of the situation.
Ex: he was fortunate to escape parliamentary censure.
16
Q
To express formal support or approval for someone or something
صحه گذاردن، تایید کردن
A
Endorse
Endorse an idea/a proposal/ a candidate
Ex: The prime minister is unlikely to endorse this view.
Ex: I fully endorse the measures taken to improve safety standards.
17
Q
To accept or forgive behavior that most people think is morally wrong
چشمپوشی کردن، اغماض کردن
A
Condone
Ex: I cannot condone the use of violence under any circumstances.
18
Q
To express your disapproval of someone or something, or to talk about their faults
Opposite: praise
نکوهش کردن
(Formal) to express judgements about the good and bad qualities of something انتقاد کردن
A
Criticize
Ex: The opposition criticized the government’s failure to consult adequately.
be sharply/heavily/strongly/harshly/fiercely/severely/roundly criticized
Ex: the new law has been widely criticized.
criticize someone for something
Ex: he has been criticized for incompetence.
criticize someone/something as something
Ex: the report has been criticized as inaccurate and incomplete.
Ex: we look at each other’s work and criticize it.
repeatedly/openly/constantly/publicly criticize
19
Q
To understand how serious or important a situation or problem is or what someone’s feelings are = realize
درک کردن
To thank someone in a polite way
قدردانی کردن
To gradually become more valuable
بر بهای چیزی افزودن
A
Appreciate
appreciate the significance/importance/value of something
Ex: he didn’t fully appreciate the significance of signing the contract.
Ex: we appreciate that caring for children is an important job.
Ex: it is difficult to appreciate how bad the situation had become.
Ex: most investments are expected to appreciate at a steady rate.
20
Q
(Formal) To imagine a particular situation or to think about something in a particular way تصور کردن، فهمیدن
To think of a new idea or plan and develop it in your mind در ذهن پروراندن، به فکر خطور کردن
To become pregnant آبستن شدن
A
Conceive
Ex: many people cannot conceive of a dinner without meat or fish.
conceive what/why/how
Ex: I can hardly conceive what it must be like here in winter.
conceive of something/somebody as something
Ex: language may be conceived of as a process which arises from social interaction.
Ex: scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s.
Ex: fertility treatment for women who have difficulty conceiving.
21
Q
An idea about what something is like, or a general understanding of something
تصور، ادراک
A
Conception
Ex: changing conceptions of the world.
have (no) conception of something
Ex: they have no conception of what women really feel and want.
22
Q
To state firmly that something is true ادعا کردن، اثبات کردن
Declare
A
Assert
Ex: French cooking, she asserted, is the best in the world.
Ex: he asserted that there were spies in the government.
Ex: they asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non-polluting energy source.
23
Q
To state very strongly your right to something اثبات کردن و اعلام کردن قاطعانه
A
Assert your rights/independence/authority/superiority
Ex: native Americans asserting their rights to ancestral land.
Ex: she asserted her independence from her parents by getting her own apartment.
24
Q
A fault or lack of something that means something or someone is not perfect
نقص، عیب
A
Defect
Ex: All the cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory.
a serious/major/minor/slight defect
a physical/structural/genetic/inherited/birth defect
a speech/character/heart defect
have/correct a defect
25
(Formal) Directly relating to a particular matter = relevant
مرتبط، مربوط
Pertinent (adj)
Ex: He asked me a lot of very pertinent questions.
Ex: The last point is particularly **pertinent to** today’s discussion.
Ex: words such as love, warmth, personal chemistry are certainly pertinent.
26
To completely understand and begin to use new ideas, information, etc = absorb
جذب کردن
To become a part of the group and be accepted by the people in that group
وفق دادن، همسان شدن
Assimilate
Ex: It will take time to assimilate all these facts.
Ex: Refugees find it difficult to become _assimilated into_ the community.
27
1.To suddenly move very quickly in a direction
2. If a feeling ….. you begin to feel it strongly
3. When a large amount of liquid, electricity, chemical moves very quickly and suddenly موج زدن
4. To suddenly increase افزایش ناگهانی
Surge
1Ex: The crowd _surged through_ the gate.
2Ex: she could feel anger surging inside her.
3.Ex: a wave surged up towards them.
Ex: adrenaline surged through her veins.
4Ex: oil prices surged.
28
If a feeling, pain, sound ……. It gradually becomes less and then stops = die down
فروکش کردن
(Formal) if an area of land …… it gradually sinks to a lower level نشست کردن
If bad weather conditions …….., it gradually return to a normal state
If water, especially flood, …… , it gradually goes underground
Subside
Ex: The pain in his head subsided but he still felt dizzy.
Ex: after the heavy rains, part of the road subsided.
Ex: The wind gradually subsided and all was quiet.
Ex: when the floods subsided the streets were littered with bodies.
29
Not moving, changing or developing ساکن، ایستا
Opposite = dynamic
Static
Ex: economists predict that house prices will remain static for a long period.
30
(Formal) Having a lot of space, Able to contain a lot وسیع، جادار
Capacious
Ex: a capacious suitcase
**capaciousness** = spaciousness ظرفیت، وسعت
31
(Formal) To say or do something again = repeat بازگو کردن، تکرار کردن
Iterate
Ex: iterate this process until there are no more constraints.
**iterance** = repetition
**iteration** تکرار
**iterative** تکرارشونده
32
Not very good = second rate
متوسط
Mediocre
Ex: a mediocre neighborhood
Ex: I thought the book was pretty mediocre.
33
(Formal) Remembering a particular rule or fact and thinking about it when you are making decisions about what to do = conscious of =
Aware آگاه، متوجه، مراقب
Mindful (adj)
Ex: The school is mindful of its responsibilities towards all the children.
Ex: wealthy people are mindful of how they spend their time.
34
Careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do وظیفه شناس، با وجدان
Conscientious (conscience)
Ex: a conscientious teacher may feel inclined to take work home.
**Conscientiousness** وظیفه شناسی
Ex: his conscientiousness and loyalty to the company.
35
(Formal) when a situation, fact etc influence you towards a particular action or opinion/
To think that a particular belief or opinion is most likely to be correct
تمایل داشتن، متمایل کردن(شدن)، مستعد شدن
Incline
Ex: The accident inclined him to reconsider his career.
Ex: I incline to accept the official version of events.
Ex: he was inclined to accept the offer.
36
(Formal) Arriving, happening, or being done at exactly the time that has been arranged = on time وقت شناس، به موقع
Punctual
Ex: she’s always very punctual for appointments.
Ex: the punctual payment of invoices.
**punctually** دقیق
Ex: the meeting started punctually at 10.00 a.m.
**punctuality** وقت شناسی
Ex: improvements in the punctuality of trains.
37
(Formal) To take or collect something, especially information or support = gather
انبارکردن، گرداوری
Garner
Ex: The party garnered 70 percent of the vote.
Ex: The police struggled to garner sufficient evidence.
38
(Formal) To prove that something is true or correct, to give evidence or testimony to the truth or factualness of, to make a document or agreement officially and legally acceptable , = confim اعتبار بخشیدن، تایید کردن
Validate (v)
Ex: many scientists plan to wait until the results of the study are validated by the future research.
**validate someone’s feelings**
Valid = authentic معتبر
Validation = authentication = اعتبار
39
To spoil or interrupt a plan, agreement
when a train goes out of track
از خط خارج شدن، خراب کردن، از ریل خارج شدن کردن
Derail
Ex: a mistake that might derail the negotiations.
Ex: one slip up will not derail your progress.
40
The great size or importance of something
مقدار، بزرگی، شکوه، اندازه
Magnitude
Ex: they didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.
41
The process by which you gain knowledge or learn a skill فراگیری/
The act of getting land, power, or money کسب، اکتساب/
(Formal) something that you have obtained by buying it or being given it مالکیت
Acquisition (acquire=v)
Ex: The acquisition of language/ the acquisition of management skills.
Ex: the **acquisition of** new sites for development.
Ex: The Art Society is holding an exhibition of recent acquisitions.
42
Very surprised or shocked = astonished
حیرت زده
Astounded (adj)
Ex: she was astounded by his arrogance.
Astound (v) = amaze
43
The state of living in the form of a particular person or animal حلول کردن، نسخه
Having a lot of particular quality تجسم چیزی بودن، مظهر
Incarnation(n)
Ex: she believes she was an Egyptian queen in a previous incarnation.
Ex: she was the incarnation of wisdom
Ex: modern stock market is significantly more complicated than its original incarnation.
44
A short attack on a place by soldiers
یورش، هجوم
Raid(n,v)
Ex: a bombing raid/ an air raid
Ex: the colonel led a successful **raid against/on** a rebel base.
**launch/carry out/stage a raid**
Ex: police found weapons when they raided his home.
45
Known to be definitely true/ accepted by everyone/cannot be denied
مسلم، بحث ناپذیر، بدون شک، بی چون و چرا
Undisputed
Ex: doctors found undisputed evidence of nerve damage.
**undisputed leader/champion/master**
**undisputed fact**
46
To become or make something become smaller or less =reduce
کم کردن، کم شدن
To deliberately make someone or something appear less important or valuable than they really are ضعیف کردن، تحقیر کردن
Diminish
Ex: these drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.
Ex: that is not to diminish the importance of his discoveries.
Ex :Don’t let him diminish your achievements.
47
A statement, report, attitude that is influenced by personal opinion and can therefore be unfair وابسته به تفکر شخصی
Opposite= objective
Existing only in your mind or imagination ذهنی
Subjective (adj)
Ex: the ratings were based on the subjective judgement of one person.
Ex: our subjective perception of colors
48
Something that seems to be one thing but is in fact very different فریبنده، گمراه کننده
Intended to make someone believe something that is not true غلط انداز
Deceptive (deceive = v)
Ex: some snakes move with deceptive speed.
Ex: appearance can be deceptive.
Ex: misleading and deceptive adverts
49
Very careful about small details and always making sure that everything is done correctly دقیق، وسواسی
Meticulous
Ex: their planning and preparation were meticulous.
**meticulous in**
Ex: He was meticulous in his use of words.
**meticulous about**
Ex: He has always been so meticulous about his appearance.
**meticulously organised**
50
when two or more facts, ideas etc are closely connected to each other or one causes the other مرتبط بودن، همبستگی داشتن
correlate
Ex: Poverty and poor housing **correlate with** a shorter life expectancy.
Ex: Lack of prenatal care **correlates strongly** with premature birth.
**correlate strongly/significantly/closely**
51
to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown = raise پروراندن، تربیت کردن
rear
Ex: It’s a good place to rear young children.
Ex: the sheep were mainly reared for their meat.
52
not controlled by strict rules, but decided on by someone in a position of authority = optional اختیاری، بسته به صلاحدید
discretionary
Ex: the committee has discretionary powers to act in these situations
_discretionary decision/power/award/grant/program_
53
to put someone in prison or to keep them somewhere and prevent them from leaving زندانی /کردن
if a situation or feeling imprisons people, it restricts what they can do
imprison
Ex: The government imprisoned all opposition leaders.
Ex: Many elderly people feel imprisoned in their own homes.
imprisonment = the state of being in prison, or the time someone spends there
Ex: it is cruel to keep animals in imprisonment.
54
a supply of something kept to be used if it is needed ذخیره،
اندوخته/
an area of land where wild animals and plants are protected پارک حیات وحش
reserve
Ex: $10 million in cash reserves Ex: oil reserves
_reserve of_
Ex: a wildlife reserve
55
(formal) a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one اختلاف، ناجوری، ناهمخوانی
disparity
Ex: a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women
Ex: income disparity can motivate individuals to work harder and innovate.
_disparity in/between_
56
a difference between two amounts, details, reports etc that should be the same اختلاف، تفاوت
discrepancy
Ex: Police found discrepancies in the two men’s reports.
Ex: There is a large discrepancy between the ideal image of motherhood and the reality
57
(formal) treating all people in a fair and equal way
opposite= unequitable منصف، متساوی
equitable
Ex: an equitable distribution of food supplies
Ex: The work should be shared more equitably.
Ex: the difference between legal and equitable rights
58
to give the correct amount of importance or attention to two separate things برقراری تعادل
strike a balance
Ex: It isn’t always easy to strike the right balance.
Ex: . A balance must be struck between encouraging individual achievement and ensuring equitable distribution of resources.
59
a complete range of opinions, people, situations etc, going from one extreme to its opposite طیف، گستره، بازه
spectrum (spectra)
Ex: the ethnic spectrum of America
Ex: excessive inequality can create barriers to success for those at the lower end of the spectrum.
60
to do something bad, extreme, or difficult because you cannot think of any other way to deal with a problem متوسل شدن
resort to
Ex: Officials fear that extremists may resort to violence.
Ex: By narrowing the wealth gap, individuals are less likely to resort to illegal activities
61
legally responsible for the cost of something بدهکار ،مسئول/
likely to be affected by a particular kind of problem, illness etc = prone مستعد، در معرض/
likely to be legally punished or forced to do something by law مشمول جریمه
liable
Ex: people who are _liable for_ income tax at a higher rate
Ex: he is liable for large sums of money
Ex: You’re more _liable to_ injury when you don’t get regular exercise.
Ex: Anyone found trespassing is _liable to_ a maximum fine of $100.
**liability = نقطه ضعف، مسئولیت، دین، شمول**
62
likely to do or say something or to behave in a particular way, especially because of a fault or natural tendency = likely محتمل
liable to do something
Ex: The car is liable to overheat on long trips.
Ex: He was liable to just show up without warning.
63
legal responsibility for something, especially for paying money that is owed, or for damage or injury مسئولیت، بدهی/
someone or something that is likely to cause problems for someone مستعد مشکل، نقطه ضعف
liability
Ex: Tenants have legal liability for any damage they cause
Ex: A kid like Tom would be a liability in any classroom.
**full/limited/unlimited/legal/criminal/civil/task/personal liability**
insurance liability = insurance against damage or injury caused by NEGLIGENCE
64
failure to take enough care over something that you are responsible for غفلت، قصور
negligence
Ex: negligence in carrying out safety procedures
Ex: The bridge’s architect was sued for criminal negligence.
Ex: You can claim compensation if your injury is a result of your employer's negligence.
negligent = غافل، اهمال گر، بی دقت
65
to fail to look after someone or something properly غفلت کردن،
اهمال کردن
to pay too little attention to something
neglect (v,n)
Ex: She smoked and drank, neglected the children, and left the clothes unmended.
Ex: a neglected garden
Ex: The building has been badly neglected.
Ex: Many of these ideas have been neglected by modern historians.
Ex: The police officer was accused of neglecting his duty
66
if a government or organization subsidizes a company, activity etc, it pays part of its costs/
support something financially یارانه دادن، کمک هزینه دادن
subsidize
Ex: Farming is heavily subsidized by the government.
Ex: these stolen funds are used to subsidize other crimes
67
a long and complicated dispute and argument = battle داد و بیداد، نزاع، مشاجره
wrangle (n,v)
Ex: a _bitter wrangle over_ copyright
Ex: He was involved in a long _legal wrangle with_ his employers.
Ex: They are still wrangling over/about ownership of the house.
Ex: The various government departments are wrangling with each other.
68
(formal) an opinion or feeling you have about something باور، نظر/
feelings of pity, love, sadness etc that are often considered to be too strong or not suitable for a particular situation = emotion احساس
Sentiment
Ex: Similar sentiments were expressed by many politicians.
**anti-American/anti-nationalistic/anti-religious/patriotic sentiments**
Ex: the anti-immigrant sentiments expressed by some Americans
**popular/public sentiment** = what most people think
Ex: There’s no place for sentiment in business!
69
(formal) present everywhere at all times
omnipresent (adj)
Ex: the omnipresence of God
Ex: omnipresence of politics can make people cynical about whether truth still matters.
70
unwilling to believe that people have good, honest, or sincere reasons for doing something منفی باف/
not caring that something might not be morally right, might hurt someone etc, when you are trying to get something for yourself منفعت طلب
cynical
Ex: a cynical view of human nature
Ex: the public is cynical about election promises.
Ex: a cynical disregard for international agreements
cynic (n) = بدبین Even hardened cynics believe the meeting is a step towards peace.
cynicism
71
to ignore something or treat it as unimportant نادیده گرفتن/
when someone ignores something that they should not ignore بی توجهی
disregard (v,n)
Ex: He ordered the jury to disregard the witness’s last statement.
Ex: Mark totally disregarded my advice
Ex: his **disregard for/of** her feelings
**total/reckless/complete/flagrant= آشکار، وقیح disregard**
Ex: Local councilors accused the terrorists of **showing** a complete disregard for human life.
Ex: He said the bombing was **in complete disregard of** the Geneva Convention.
72
a flagrant action is shocking because it is done in a way that is easily noticed and shows no respect for laws, truth etc وقیح، آشکار، فاحش، شنیع
flagrant
Ex: flagrant violations of human rights
Ex: a flagrant disregard for the law
73
certain to happen and impossible to avoid بدیهی، ناچار، ناگزیر، غیر قابل اجتناب
inevitable opposite= evitable قابل اجتناب
Ex: A further escalation of the crisis now seems inevitable.
Ex: **It’s inevitable that** doctors will make the occasional mistake.
Ex: Disease was an **inevitable consequence/result** of poor living conditions.
74
(formal) relating to the meanings of words وابسته به معنا
semantic
Ex: The semantic distinction between "criticism" and "feedback" can be important.
75
an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts = agreement هم رایی ،اجماع، اتفاق نظر
consensus
Ex: a **lack of consensus about/on** the aims of the project
Ex: There is a consensus among teachers that children should have a broad understanding of the world.
**reach/achieve/build a consensus**
**a consensus emerges**(=is reached after talking about something)
**consensus of opinion**
**national/political/scientific/general/broad/clear/growing/strong consensus**
76
a secret plan made by two or more people to do something that is harmful or illegal = collusion دسیسه، توطئه، تبانی
conspiracy
Ex: He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage.
Ex: a **conspiracy against** the government
**conspiracy theories**
**international/worldwide/global conspiracy**
**a criminal/political conspiracy**
**be part of a conspiracy** (also take part in a conspiracy)
**be involved in a conspiracy**
**be convicted of conspiracy** (=be found guilty of it in a court)
77
(formal) an alleged crime, fact etc is one that someone says has happened or is true, although it has not been proved ادعا شده، نسبت داده شده، بیان شده
alleged
Ex: their alleged involvement in international terrorism
Ex: The _alleged victim_ made the complaint at a police station in York.
_alleged offense/crime/incident_
78
loyalty to a leader, country, belief etc تبعیت، وفاداری
allegiance
Ex: I **pledge/swear allegiance to** the flag of the United States of America.
Ex: The people here have strong **political allegiances**.
**owe allegiance** (=have a duty to give allegiance)
**switch/transfer allegiance**
79
(Formal) to put something or someone in danger = endanger به خطر انداختن
Imperil
Ex: Tax increases now might imperil economic recovery.
Ex: Putting off the surgery would imperil the girl's life.
80
to put someone or something in danger of being hurt, damaged, or destroyed در معرض خطر گذاشتن
Endanger (v)
Ex: Smoking during pregnancy endangers your baby’s life.
81
an idea, method, or quality that is typical of a particular person or thing صفت بارز
Hallmark
Ex: The explosion **had all the hallmarks** of a terrorist attack.
Ex: Their performance did not **bear the hallmark** of European champions. (Having all the features associated with that thing)
Ex: cultural diversity is a hallmark of globalized societies.
Ex: sustainability has become the hallmark of modern urban planning.
Ex: high-quality infrastructure is often seen as the hallmark of developed nations.
82
the main ideas or facts about something, without the details خلاصه مطلب، طرح کلی/
to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details مختصر یا خلاصه چیزی را مطرح کردن
outline (n,v)
Ex: an **outline of**world history
Ex: A debt reduction scheme was agreed **in outline** (=people agreed on its main points).
**abroad/rough/general/brief/basic outline**
**give s.b/provide an outline**
Ex: The new president outlined plans to deal with crime, drugs, and education.
83
needing a lot of effort = demanding چالش برانگیز، سخت
taxing
Ex: The job turned out to be more taxing than I’d expected.
84
an idea, belief, or opinion اندیشه، خیال، فکر، عقیده، نظریه
notion
Ex: misguided **notions of** male superiority
Ex: the **notion that** human beings are basically good
**accept/challenge/reject/have/support/dispute/dismiss a notion**
**reinforce a notion** (=make an idea stronger or easier to believe)
**a vague/absurd/ridiculous/simple/abstract notion**
**a preconceived notion** (=an idea that you have before you have enough knowledge or experience)
Ex: The police were accused of twisting the evidence to meet their preconceived notion of his guilt.
**an accepted/received notion** (=an idea that most people believe)
Ex: These women challenged accepted notions of female roles in society.
**the whole notion of something** (=used to emphasize that you are talking about a lot of related ideas, not just one specific idea)
Ex: The movie makes us question the whole notion of what makes a hero.
**not have the faintest/foggiest notion**
(=not know or understand something at all)
Ex: He had not the foggiest notion how far he might have to walk.
85
1a serious argument or disagreement مشاجره، نزاع/
2to say that something such as a fact or idea is not correct or true مورد بحث قرار دادن/
3(formal) to argue or disagree with someone محل تردید قرار دادن/
4to try to get control of something or win something منازعه برای به دست آوردن چیزی
dispute (n,v) = to think differently and argue about it
1Ex: The firm is involved in a legal **dispute with** a rival company.
Ex: the bitter border **dispute between** the countries
**resolve/settle a dispute**
Ex: It is hoped that the dispute can be resolved peacefully.
**be involved in a dispute**
Ex: The US government became involved in a dispute with China.
**get into a dispute**
Ex: We don’t want to get into a dispute with them.
**be in dispute with someone**
Ex: He was in dispute with the company about his contract.
**be locked in a dispute**
Ex: Workers and management are locked in a bitter dispute.
**a dispute arises**
Ex: Sometimes a dispute arises between the seller and the buyer.
**bitter/fierce/long-running/industrial/labor/pay/political/legal/domestic(formal)/border/territorial dispute**
2Ex: The main facts of the book have never been disputed.
3Ex:What happened next is **hotly disputed**.
4Ex: Soviet forces disputed every inch of ground.
86
if something bad strikes, it suddenly happens or suddenly begins to affect someone اتفاق افتادن، ضربه زدن خوردن
strike
Ex: Everything seemed to be going fine when suddenly **disaster struck**.
Ex: the United States has been struck repeatedly with a horror.
87
to influence someone in a way that has a harmful effect on how they think or behave منحرف کردن
warp
Ex: You mustn’t allow your dislike of her to **warp** your **judgment**.
Ex: news about crime warps your brain.
88
a feeling of anxiety or fear about something that is going to happen = apprehension دلهره، نگرانی
trepidation
Ex: With some trepidation, I opened the door.
Ex: I threw in my entire savings toward the down-payment and, with trepidation, agreed to manage the building.
89
the ability to say things that are clever and amusing بذله گویی، لطافت طبع/
someone who is able to say clever and amusing things نکته سنج
wit (n)
Ex: a woman of great wit and charm
**quick/dry/sharp wit**
Ex: his sharp wit had them all smiling.
wits= ability to think quickly and make the right decisions.
Ex: Alone and penniless, I was forced to **live on** my **wits**.
_keep/have your wits about you_ (=be ready to think quickly and do what is necessary in a difficult situation)
Ex: You have to **rely on** your **wits** to be successful in business.
90
to make someone suffer something unpleasant تحمیل کردن، تلفات وارد کردن
inflict
Ex: The strikes **inflicted** serious **damage on/upon** the economy.
Ex: Detectives warned that the men could inflict serious injury.
Ex: the deliberate infliction of pain
91
to deliberately make something seem as strange, exciting, or shocking as possible – used to show disapproval اب و تاب دادن
sensationalize
Ex: The media often sensationalizes crime.
Ex: The story has been sensationalized for the sole purpose of selling newspapers.
92
someone who is deranged behaves in a crazy or dangerous way, usually because they are mentally ill روان پریش، دیوانه
deranged
Ex: a deranged gunman
93
more important than anything else in a situation, system etc = key موثر، محوری، کلیدی
pivotal
Ex: The Bank of England has a _pivotal role_ in the London money market.
Ex: The talks are _pivotal to_ the success of the country.
94
to move slowly from one side to another پس و پیش رفتن، نوسان کردن/
to influence someone so that they change their opinion تحت تاثیر قرار دادن/
a swinging movement from side to side نوسان
sway (n,v)
Ex: The trees swayed gently in the breeze.
Ex: the media can significantly sway public views on the nature of crime.
Ex: the sway of the ship
95
the fact that something is prevalent = commonness نفوذ، درجه شیوع
prevalence
Ex: the prevalence of deafness in older age groups
96
an event, especially an unpleasant one, that will happen very soon قریب الوقوع
imminent
_imminent danger/threat/death/disaster_
Ex: the imminence of the General Election
Ex: criminal activity is an imminent threat in the United States
97
an opinion, piece of information, result etc that is skewed is incorrect, especially because it has been affected by a particular thing or because you do not know all the facts تحریف شده، منحرف شده،
skewed (adj) skew (v)
Ex: The media’s coverage of the election has been skewed from the very beginning.
98
to let yourself or someone else do or have something that you enjoy, especially something that is considered bad for you افراط و زیاده روی کرن، لوس کردن، (رها کردن خود از بند چیزی و لذت بردن) /
to take part in an activity, especially an illegal one
indulge
Ex: After a long week of work, I decided to **indulge myself with** a relaxing bubble bath.
Ex: Most of us were too busy to **indulge in** heavy lunchtime drinking.
Ex: His mother spoiled him, indulging his every whim (هوس).
Ex: Women do not indulge in crime to the same extent as men.
99
to eat or drink too much افراط در مشروب و دراگ/
to let someone have everything they want, or always let them do what they want
overindulge
Ex: It’s hard not to overindulge at Christmas.
Ex: they spend their evenings over-indulging in alcohol and/or drugs.
Ex: Penny was overindulged by her parents.
100
feel an emotion so strongly that you cannot think clearly مغلوب شدن و احاطه شدن و مملو شدن از احساسات و افکار خاص، از پا در آمدن/
if work or a problem overwhelms someone, it is too much or too difficult to deal with
overwhelm
Ex: Harriet **was overwhelmed by** a feeling of homesickness.
Ex: The children were **overwhelmed with** excitement.
Ex: We were overwhelmed by the number of applications.
Ex: They would be overwhelmed with paperwork.
101
people who are treated badly and without respect by people who have power over them ستم دیده
downtrodden
Ex: most people want to stand up for the downtrodden.
102
(formal) illegal or immoral behavior خلافکاری، تبهکاری
wrongdoing
Ex: The company’s CEO was accused of financial wrongdoing.
Ex: when someone abuse our trust we judge the **wrongdoer**.
103
(formal) to happen or exist before something or someone, or to come before something else in a series مقدم بودن، اسبق بودن/
to go somewhere before someone else جلوتر بودن
precede
Ex: a type of cloud that precedes rain
Ex: Lunch will be preceded by a short speech from the chairman.
Ex: The guard preceded them down the corridor.
104
1an action or official decision that can be used to give support to later actions or decisions سابقه، نمونه، سنت، روال، رویه حقوقی/
2 something of the same type that has happened or existed before /
3the way that things have always been done
precedent
1Ex: a **legal precedent**
Ex: UN involvement in the country’s affairs would **set/create** a dangerous **precedent**.
2Ex: There’s not much **precedent for** men taking leave when their baby is born.
Ex: An epidemic on this scale is without precedent.
3Ex: break with precedent=do sth in a new way
**follow/set/establish/create a precedent**
**use something as a precedent**
**a bad/dangerous/important/legal precedent**
105
never having happened before, or never having happened so much بی مانند، بی سابقه، جدید
unprecedented (adj)
Ex: He **took** the **unprecedented step** of stating that the rumors were false.
Ex: crime has increased on an unprecedented scale.
Ex: an event that is unprecedented in recent history
106
(formal) happening or coming before the time, place, or part mentioned = previous سابق، قبلی
OPPOSITE= following
preceding
**preceding days/weeks/months/years**
Ex: income tax paid in preceding years
**preceding chapter/paragraph/page**
Ex: the diagram in the preceding chapter
107
asking too many questions and trying to find out too many details about something or someone کنجکاو/
interested in a lot of different things and wanting to find out more about them مشتاق یادگیری
inquisitive
Ex: I’d have asked more questions, but I didn’t want to seem inquisitive.
Ex: a cheerful, inquisitive little boy
Ex: an inquisitive mind
108
(formal) something you get legally from your work in addition to your wages= perk مزایا، عایدی
perquisite
Ex: One of the perquisites of his job was access to the company’s private jet.
109
to slowly go up or down in value with no particular control over direction (task1) حرکت و جا به
جایی تدریجی
a slow development or change from one situation to another:
drift
Ex: dollar drifted lower against the yen today.
Ex: The airline's shares drifted down 15 cents at $5.80.
Ex: The downward drift in copper prices looks like it will continue.
**drift up/higher/lower/down/downward/upward/toward**
Ex: There has been general unease about the drift toward a culture of selling, marketing, and consumerism.
110
the power you have because of your official position توانایی، اختیار، اعتبار، کنترل
authority
Ex: Only the president has the authority to declare war.
Ex: I need to speak to someone in authority (=who has a position of power).
_authority to do something/authority over/in authority_
_local/leading/health authority_
_under the authority of somebody_
_exercise/exert/wield(formal) authority_ = use your authority
_establish/assert/impose/stamp your authority_ = to show people you have authority
_undermine/weaken somebody’s authority_ (=make someone’s authority weaker)
_exceed/overstep your authority_ (=do more than you have the power or right to do) Ex: A higher court decided that the judge had exceeded his authority.
_abuse/misuse your authority _(=use your authority in a bad way)
111
to have a lot of power or influence, and to use it اداره کردن، گردانیدن، درست به کار بردن
wield
_wield power/authority/influence_
Ex: The Church wields immense power in Ireland.
112
something that protects you against possible problems, especially financial loss مانع، جلوگیر/
to try to protect yourself against possible problems, especially financial loss محافظت کردن، جلوگیری کردن
hedge (n,v)
Ex: Buying a house will be a hedge against inflation.
Ex: Smart managers will hedge against price increases.
113
to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly بهره کشی/
to treat someone unfairly by asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return – used to show disapproval استثمار، سواستفاده/
to use something fully and effectively بهره گرفتن/
exploit
Ex: zoos are exploiting koalas by charging visitors to be photographed hugging them.
Ex: Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.
Ex: The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.
114
(formal) to leave someone, especially when you should stay because they need you = abandon رها کردن/
to stop doing, using, or having something that you enjoy = give up /
to leave a place, especially when you do not want to پشت سر گذاشتن
forsake
Ex: children forsaken by their parents
Ex: She will never forsake her vegetarian principles.
Ex: He has forsaken his native Finland to live in Britain
115
(formal) to cut through something completely, separating it into two parts, or to become cut in this way = cut off جداکردن، بریدن/
to end a relationship with someone, or a connection with something, especially because of a disagreement SYN break off
sever
Ex: Doctors worked to reattach his severed finger.
Ex: The two countries severed diplomatic relations.
_sever ties/relations/connections/links (with/between somebody)_
116
(formal) money or other things that you get when you have to leave a company because your employer no longer has a job for you پاداش پایان خدمت، حق سنوات
severance package/pay
Ex: Employees will get two weeks of severance pay for every year of service.
117
the amount of money you have left to spend after you have paid your taxes, bills etc درآمد در دسترس
disposable income
Ex: She had a large disposable income which she mostly spent on travel.
118
available to be used
disposable
Ex: disposable resources
119
fairly soon/
for as long as it is possible to know what is likely to happen/
very likely to happen in the future قابل پیش بینی، زودهنگام، نه چندان دور
foreseeable
Ex: There is a possibility of water shortages in the foreseeable future.
Ex: The situation is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
Ex: The judge found that _it was_ not _foreseeable that_ the fuel would catch fire.
Ex: foreseeable risk
Ex: foreseeable loss
120
if something is done at the expense of someone or something else, it is only achieved by doing something that could harm the other person or thing به قیمت، به بهای، در ازای، به بهای از دست دادن
at the expense of
Ex: we need all students to flourish, not suffer at the expense of a few bright stars.
Ex: He built up the business at the expense of his health
Ex: Today we live in a globalized world and the development of global culture is often at the expense of local traditions.
121
a temporary structure, framework داربست
scaffolding
Ex: Teachers use all sorts of scaffolding tools to help students along the path to comprehension.
122
(formal) nearest in time, order, or family relationship =close نزدیکترین، مستقیم، بی فاصله/
a proximate cause is a direct one علت مستقیم
proximate
Ex: The _proximate cause_ of the disaster was a piece of metal lying on the runway.
123
very detailed knowledge of something as a result of careful study or a lot of experience
intimate knowledge
Ex: This allows suppliers to specialize and to develop an intimate knowledge of customer needs and wants.
123
(formal) to notice or understand something by thinking about it carefully درک کردن، پی بردن/
to be able to see something by looking carefully = perceive تشخیص دادن
discern
Ex: Officials were keen to discern how much public support there was.
Ex: We _could just discern_ a town in the distance.
discernible: قابل درک
discernment: بینایی، درک، تشخیص، بصیرت Ex: His discernment in choosing the right candidates for the job impressed everyone
discernibly: آشکارا، به شکل قابل تشخیص
Ex: Their music is discernibly influenced by the classic jazz of the 1950s and '60s.
124
(formal) to ask someone for information جویا شدن، تحقیق کردن، تفتیش کردن
inquire=enquire
Ex: I am writing to _inquire about_ your advertisement in ‘The Times’.
Ex: The waiter_ inquired whether_ we would like to sit near the window.
Ex: Toby would have liked to _inquire further_ (=ask more questions).
125
a question you ask in order to get information سوال، استعلام /
the act or process of asking questions in order to get information بازجویی، تحقیق، پرس و جو، کندوکاو /
an official process to find out about something
inquiry
Ex: We’re getting a lot of _inquiries about_ our new London–Rio service.
Ex: _inquiries from_ potential applicants
Ex: I don’t know who sent the gift, but I’ll _make- some _inquiries_.
**help the police with their inquiries** (=to answer questions about a crime)
Ex: The local council set up a committee of inquiry to look into policing arrangements.
Ex: a judicial _inquiry into_ the deaths
Ex: Parents have called for an _independent inquiry into_ the accident.
Ex: The police have launched a _murder inquiry_.
**launch/set up/hold an inquiry**
**receive an inquiry** Ex: The television station has received several inquiries from viewers requesting a repeat of the program.
**respond to an inquiry** Ex: The government has not yet answered/respond to our inquiry.
126
someone who was born in or is a citizen of the same country as someone else =countryman هم وطن، هم میهن
compatriot
Ex: some people believe charity donations should be given to their compatriots.
127
(formal) very poor = impoverished تنگ دست، تهی دست
indigent
Ex: Public hospitals are concerned that they will not have enough money to treat indigent people
128
(formal) having very little money, especially over a long period مفلس، ته دست
impecunious
Ex: He came from a respectable if impecunious family.
129
extremely poor and lacking the means to provide for oneself
no home no money نیازمند
destitute
Ex: The floods left many people destitute.
**destitution = فقر**
130
to make someone very poor فقیر کردن /
to make something worse in quality ضعیف کردن، بی خاصیت کردن
impoverish
Ex: Falling coffee prices have impoverished many developing economies.
Ex: families impoverished by debt
Ex: Fast-growing trees remove nutrients and impoverish the soil.
131
someone who gives money for a good purpose انسان خیر، نیکوکار
benefactor
Ex: An anonymous benefactor donated $2 million.
Ex: a generous **benefactor of/to** the university
132
a person, group etc that gives something, especially money, to help an organization or country اهدا کننده، بخشنده
donor
Ex: We urgently need more assistance from donor countries
133
the provision of immediate, short-term relief in crisis situations, such as food, water, shelter, and medical care کمک های بشر دوستانه
humanitarian aid/relief
134
a feeling of comfort when something frightening, worrying, or painful has ended or has not happened تسکین، آرامش خاطر /
money, food, clothes etc given to people who are poor or hungry کمک، اعانه، امداد
relief
Ex: I felt a huge surge of relief and happiness.
Ex: No one was hurt, and we all **breathed a sigh of relief**
_with/in relief_
_it is a relief to know/have/see_
Ex: money raised for the **relief effort**
Ex: **famine/disaster/flood relief** for victims of the drought
135
a person or institution that gives money and help to people who are poor or in trouble نوع دوست، بشر دوست، نیکوکاری
philanthropic
Ex: philanthropic actions stem from one's kindness and generosity
Ex: The philanthropic organization provided food and shelter to those in need
136
kind and generous
benevolent
benevolence سخاوتمندی، عطوفت، گشاده دستی
Ex: a person might show benevolence by donating to a charity.
Ex: a benevolent smile
137
when you care about or help other people, even though this brings no advantage to yourself نوع دوستی، ایثارگری، از خودگذشتگی
altruism
Ex: Many choose to work in developing countries out of altruism.
138
the way you earn money in order to live وسیله امرار معاش، معیشت
livelihood
**a means/source of livelihood**
Ex: It’s difficult to earn a livelihood as an artist.
Ex: Bates says he will lose his livelihood if his driving license is taken away.
139
counteract (something) by having an equal and opposite force or effect خنثی کردن، متعادل کردن
to do something that will make an action or activity carbon neutral جبران کردن
if cost or amount of two things have an opposite effect so that the situation remains the same
offset (v,n)
Ex: donations to charities can be **offset against** tax.
Ex: if you have to travel by air, offset your carbon emissions by supporting renewable energy projects.
Ex: Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers.
140
invasive medical treatment involves cutting into someone’s body تهاجمی، مهاجم
an invasive disease spreads quickly and is difficult to stop پیش رونده
an invasive plant spreads quickly in a garden or other area, so that it becomes a problem
tending to intrude on a person's thoughts or privacy تجاوز، اختلال ایجاد کردن
invasive
Ex: invasive surgery
Ex: invasive bladder cancers
Ex: in reforestation projects it is important to avoid planting non-native species that could become invasive.
Ex: the sound of the piano was invasive.
141
a state of dissatisfaction, disturbance, and agitation, typically involving public demonstrations or disorder آشفتگی، اضطراب، آشوب
unrest
Ex: There is **growing unrest** throughout the country.
Ex: The wealth gap between the richest 1% and the rest of the population has widened dramatically, causing social unrest.
**social/political/industrial unrest**
142
something that is an impressive achievement, because it needs a lot of skill, strength etc to do شاهکار، کار برجسته
feat
**remarkable/considerable/incredible feat**
**perform/accomplish/achieve a feat**
Ex: the woman who performed the feat of sailing around the world alone
143
(formal)
to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc شامل بودن، در بر گرفتن
to completely cover or surround something محاصره کردن
encompass
Ex: The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.
Ex: The houses encompassed about 100 square meters.
144
1a process in which something becomes active or strong again تمدید، احیا، تجدید قوا
2when something becomes popular again
revival
1Ex: The US and the UK have expectations of economic revival.
Ex: A **revival of** the timber industry is needed.
Ex: There has been a **revival of interest** in Picasso’s work.
2Ex: Traditional English food seems to be **enjoying a revival** at the moment.
Ex: the recent **revival in** medieval music
145
to show or tell people about a new product or plan for the first time آشکار ساختن، نمودار کردن
unveil
Ex: The club has unveiled plans to build a new stadium.
Ex: the zoo unveils a new indoor-outdoor exhibit for its Chinese red panda.
146
if people flock to a place, they go there in large numbers because something interesting or exciting is happening there تجمع کردن، گردآمدن
flock
Ex: People have been flocking to the exhibition.
Ex: Tourists flock to see the town’s medieval churches and buildings.
Ex: About 14 million visitors flock to Virginia Beach every year for its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and lively festival scene.
147
(formal) to put new supplies into something, or to fill something again شارژ مجدد، دوباره تکمیل کردن، افزودن چیزی جدید
replenish
Ex: More vaccines are needed to replenish our stocks.
replenishment = دوباره پر کردن، تامین موجودی
Ex: the city’s oceanfront will undergo a significant replenishment project to protect and restore its shoreline. (beach nourishment) = placement of sand in eroded beaches
148
the first public appearance of an entertainer, sports player etc or of something new and important اولین اجرا، آغاز به کار، نخستین
debut
Ex: He **made** his Major League **debut** as shortstop.
Ex: His Broadway debut was ‘The Scarlet Pimpernel’.
**film/acting/directorial debut
**debut album/CD/single**
Ex: Their debut album was recorded in 1991.
Ex: He scored in his debut match for the club.
**debut match/performance**
149
(formal)
to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time موفق شدن، نائل شدن
to reach a particular level, age, size etc کسب کردن، دست یافتن
attain
Ex: More women are attaining positions of power.
Ex: Share prices attained a high of $3.27.
Ex: After a year she had attained her ideal weight.
**attainable** = قابل دسترس، به دست آوردنی
Ex: This target should be attainable.
150
(formal)
to obtain something, especially something that is difficult to get به دست آوردن، فراهم کردن
procure
**procure something for somebody**
Ex: He was accused of procuring weapons for terrorists.
**procurement** = تهیه
Ex: the procurement of raw materials from abroad
151
(formal)
to persuade someone to do something, especially something that does not seem wise تحریک کردن، وادار کردن، موجب شدن، القا کردن
to cause a particular physical condition
induce
**somebody to do something**
Ex: nothing would induce me to vote for him again.
Ex: Patients with eating disorders may use drugs to induce vomiting.
**drug-induced/stress-induced**
Ex: stress-induced panic / drug-induced coma
152
if you are in the midst of an event or situation, it is happening around you
in the middle of a place or a group of things or people وسط، در میان
in the midst
Ex: The government is in the midst of a major crisis.
Ex: We were sitting in the midst of an elegant and well-dressed audience.
153
(formal) something that happened or existed before something else and influenced its development پیش درآمد
forerunner/predecessor
precursor
**precursor of/to**
Ex: a precursor of modern jazz
Ex: The Office of Strategic Services was the precursor of the CIA.
154
(formal) concerned with trade = commercial بازرگانی، تجاری
mercantile
Ex: Tree crops such as coconuts became increasingly important in the mercantile economy.
Ex: In some countries mercantile law is quite separate from the ordinary law.
Ex: The city's economy was based on mercantile trade and shipping
155
having no money, no food, no home etc بینوا، نیازمند
destitute
Ex: The floods **left** many people **destitute**.
**be destitute of something** = to be completely without something عاری، تهی
Ex: a man destitute of compassion
156
to tell someone legally that they must leave the house they are living in
evict
Ex: They were unable to pay the rent, and were evicted from their home.
Ex: They refused to leave and were **forcibly evicted**.
Ex: The family now faces eviction from their home.
157
(formal) the ability of something to produce the right result = effectiveness opposite = inefficacy ثمربخشی، فایده
efficacy
Ex: It is a controversy over the issues of risk versus efficacy.
Ex: Evaluate vaccine efficacy and the costs and benefits of vaccination programs for emerging infections.
Ex: There is significant evidence in a wide range of industries as to the efficacy of privatization in driving innovation.
158
money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services درآمد، عایدی
money that the government receives from tax درآمد مالیاتی
revenue
Ex: advertising revenue
Ex: Strikes have cost £20 million in lost revenues.
Ex: an increase in tax revenues of 8.4%
159
the effects of an action or event, especially bad effects that continue for some time عواقب، پیامد
repercussion(s)
Ex: The collapse of the company had **repercussions for** the whole industry.
Ex: There were serious **repercussions on** his career.
Ex: the **repercussions of** the crisis
**political/social/economic repercussions**
160
having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc = wealthy ثروتمند، برخوردار
affluent
Ex: affluent families
Ex: less affluent segments of the population.
161
(formal) in which place or part در جایی که، در زمینه ای که
wherein
Ex: there would be greater impact in a scheme wherein the individual could receive medical care without incurring excessive expenses.
162
(formal) if you incur a cost, debt, or a fine, you have to pay money because of something you have done متحمل شدن، موجب شدن، وارد آمدن
incur
**incur expenses/losses/debts/costs**
Ex: If the council loses the appeal, it will incur all the legal costs.
Ex: the heavy losses incurred by airlines since September 11th
163
)formal) to cause trouble and make people start fighting each other or opposing the government = stir up تحریک کردن، دامن زدن، فتنه گری کردن
foment
**foment trouble/revolution/discord**
Ex: Many feel that patriotic feelings do more to foment, rather than prevent, conflicts and potential wars.
164
a period of history = era عصر، دوره، عهد
epoch
Ex: the Victorian epoch
Ex: The king’s death marked **the end of an epoch**.
Ex: *8the beginning of a new epoch**
165
relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions قومی، نژادی، قبیله ای
ethnic
Ex: The school teaches pupils from different **ethnic groups**.
**ethnic violence/divisions/_strife_ = (formal) trouble between two or more people = conflict**
**ethnic background/origin**
Ex: plans to partition the republic **along ethnic lines** (=in a way that keeps different ethnic groups apart)
166
fair or reasonable مشروع، برحق، درست
accepted or allowed by law قانونی
legitimate
Ex: That’s a perfectly legitimate question.
Ex: Most scientists believe it is legitimate to use animals in medical research.
167
feeling as if you have no energy and no interest in doing anything = lazy OPPOSITE = energetic سست، بیحال، کسل
lethargic
Ex: The hot weather was making us all lethargic.
**lethargically**
168
(formal) to suggest that a particular idea should be accepted as a fact ثابت کردن، خواستار شدن، خیال بافی
posit
Ex: He posited that each planet moved in a perfect circle.
Ex: a growing body of scientists posit that medication is not something reserved just for humans.
169
(formal) instead of در عوض
in lieu of
Ex: In some cases, a telephone interview will be held in lieu of a personal visit.
170
not enough اندک
scant
Ex: The story has received **scant attention** in the press. Ex: They produce goods with **scant regard** for quality.
171
1 an urgent request for something important التماس، درخواست
2 a formal request to a court or to someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed استیناف
3 a quality that makes people like something or someone جذبه، جذابیت، گیرایی، کشش
appeal (n)
1Ex: The police have **issued** a new **appeal for** information.
Ex: All the organizations involved have sent urgent appeals to the government, asking for extra funding.
Ex: The girl’s family has made a public appeal for help to try and catch her killer.
2Ex: an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights
Ex: The sentence was reduced to three years **on appeal**.
3 Ex: What is the particular appeal of this island?
Ex: The program has a very **wide appeal**.
**make/issue/launch an appeal**
** a(n) desperate/urgent/direct/personal/public/fresh/nationwide/international appeal**
172
to make a serious request for help, money, information درخواست کردن، متوسل شدن
appeal(v)
Ex: Church and community leaders have appealed for calm.
Ex: Farmers have appealed to the government for help.
Ex: your brain appeals to other muscles for help.
173
1not moving, but ready to move or do something at any moment استوار و آماده، قرار گرفته
2 completely ready to do something or for something to happen, when it is likely to happen soon آماده به کار
poised (adj)
1**poised for/on/to do something**
Ex: His finger was poised on the camera’s shutter release.
Ex: He stood on the edge of the roof, poised to jump.
2Ex: Spain was **poised to** become the dominant power in Europe.
**poised on the brink/edge of something**
Ex: The economy is poised on the edge of collapse.
174
1if liquid trickles somewhere, it flows slowly in drops or in a thin stream نشت کردن، چکانیدن، جاری شدن
2 if people, vehicles, goods etc trickle somewhere, they move there slowly in small groups or amounts نم نمک وارد یا خارج شدن
3 a thin slow flow of liquid آب باریکه
4a movement of people, vehicles, goods etc into a place in very small numbers or amounts تک و توک
trickle (vn)
1Ex: The tears **trickled down** her cheeks.
2**trickle in/into/away**
Ex: The first few fans started to trickle into the stadium.
3Ex: The water in the stream had been reduced to a trickle.
4Ex: recent legislation has reduced immigration to a trickle.
Ex: a trickle of cars on the highway
175
something that makes you suffer برزخ، مایه عذاب
purgatory
Ex: Sewing is relaxation for some, purgatory for others.
Ex: he spared the cruel purgatories of his brothers
176
a small ball of a substance حبه،
ساچمه، قرص، چونه
a small ball of metal made to be fired from a gun ساچمه گلوله
pellet
Ex: food pellets for rabbits
Ex: shotgun pellets
177
a factory where something such as oil or sugar is made purer
refinery
**oil/petroleum/sugar refinery**
178
if a substance leaches or is leached from a larger mass such as the soil, it is removed from it by water passing through the larger mass از صافی گذراندن، آبشویی کردن، حل و شسته و برده شدن
leach
Ex: The manufacturers say that there is no danger of the aluminum leaching into the water.
leachate = شیرابه، زهرابه
**leachate treatment = تصفیه شیرابه**
179
to show that an idea or belief is false زیر سوال بردن، رد کردن، افشا کردن، از اعتبار انداختن
debunk
Ex: His claims were later debunked by fellow academics.
180
behavior, remarks etc are intended to make people angry or upset, or to cause a lot of discussion بحث برانگیز، تحریک آمیز، فتنه گر
provocative
Ex: The minister’s provocative remarks were widely reported in the press.
Ex: a **provocative act** by a terrorist group
Ex: She was accused of being **deliberately provocative**.
**provocatively**
181
to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one تحریک کردن، احساسات کسی را برانگیختن، شوراندن، به وجودآوردن
provoke
Ex: **provoke a reaction/response**
The report provoked a furious reaction from staff.
**provoke debate/discussion/controversy**
A new book criticizing Hollywood has provoked fierce debate in the US.
**provoke criticism**
The introduction of the tax provoked widespread criticism.
**provoke protest(s)/an outcry**
Not surprisingly, the new rules have provoked protests from gun owners.
The crackdown provoked an international outcry (=an angry protest)
**provoke anger/outrage**
His detention(=being kept in prison) has provoked the anger of his supporters.
**provoke opposition**
The government's proposals provoked widespread backbench opposition.
**provoke hostility**
Aggressive behavior provokes hostility(=being unfriendly and full of anger).
**provoke violence**
It was a small incident but it provoked weeks of violence.
**provoke interest**
Their campaign provoked great interest.
**provoke laughter**
Sara's remark provoked faint laughter.
182
if you do something in moderation, such as drinking alcohol or eating certain foods, you do not do it too much OPPOSITE = to excess
in moderation
Ex: Children should be taught not about "bad foods" and "good foods, " but rather to eat a wide variety of foods in moderation.
Ex: Use sugar and salt in moderation.
Ex: He only drinks wine in moderation.
Ex: the benefits outweigh the drawbacks when technology is used in moderation.
183
(formal) control of your behavior, so that you keep your actions, feelings, habits etc within reasonable limits میانه روی
moderation
Ex: **Moderation in** diet is the way to good health.
Ex: He encouraged moderation and toleration on religious issues.
184
(formal) the responsibility for something تعهد، بار مسئولیت
onus
Ex: The onus is on the prosecution to provide proof of guilt.
Ex: the onus fell upon Britain’s local and regional football clubs for the funding and of the football association.
185
a lot of physical or mental effort تقلا، تلاش، کوشش، کار دشوار
the use of power, influence etc to make something happen اعنال قدرت و زور
exertion
Ex: The afternoon’s exertions had left us feeling exhausted. Ex: mental exertion
Ex: cycling demands physical exertion
Ex: the exertion of authority
186
existing everywhere فراگیر
pervasive
Ex: the pervasive influence of television
Ex: the **all-pervasive** mood of apathy = not being interested
187
to take a machine or piece of equipment apart so that it is in separate pieces از هم باز کردن
dismantle
Ex: Chris dismantled the bike in five minutes.
188
a strong dislike of something or someone = hatred تنفر، بیزاری
aversion
Ex: Despite his aversion to publicity, Arnold was persuaded to talk to the press.
Ex: I **have an aversion to** housework.
189
causing a lot of disagreement between people تفرقه انداز
divisive
Ex: The strike was a **divisive issue** in the community.
Ex: **socially/economically/politically divisive** policies
190
an action, event, word, phrase that is a signal for something else to happen نشانه
cue
Ex: Our success was the **cue for** other companies to (press ahead = hurry forward) with new investment.
Ex: I think that’s my **cue to** explain why I’m here.
191
(formal) never changing or impossible to change غیرقابل تغییر
immutable
Ex: This decision should not be seen as immutable.
Ex: The past is immutable.
192
a healthy person, a strong organization or object, a determined opinion, a food or flavor with a strong taste = sturdy تنومند، قوی، سخت، خوش طعم، خشن
robust
Ex: a robust man of six feet four
Ex: The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken.
Ex: a robust metal cabinet
Ex: a typically robust performance by the prime minister
Ex: The Ukrainian government is determined to attract foreign investors with robust measures and incentives
Ex: A robust body of research shows that being in green spaces is beneficial for people’s physical and mental well-being
Ex: a robust cheese
193
1 to put something firmly and deeply into something else, or to be put into something in this way
2 if ideas, attitudes, or feelings etc are embedded, you believe or feel them very strongly جادادن، فروکردن، جاسازی کردن
embed(embedded)
1 Ex: A piece of glass **was embedded in** her hand.
2 Ex: Feelings of guilt are **deeply embedded** in her personality.
embedded = جاسازی شده، تعبیه شده، ریشه دار
Ex: we are embedded in the natural world, as a species
194
the practice of giving money and help to people who are poor or in trouble بشردوستی، نیکوکاری
philanthropy
Ex: Her philanthropy was evident in the large sums of money she donated to local schools
195
(formal) making you feel healthier or stronger مقوی، تجدید کننده، سلامتی آور
restorative
Ex: the restorative power of sleep
196
to reduce the amount of something that is present or available فرسودن، کاستن، تحلیل بردن
deplete
Ex: Salmon populations have been severely depleted.
depletable = exhaustible = تمام شدنی
197
1to express or show something in a short way = sum up لب مطلب را گفتن
2 to completely cover something with something else, especially in order to prevent a substance getting out
encapsulate
1Ex: The words of the song neatly encapsulate the mood of the country at that time.
Ex: songs have a way of encapsulating complex feelings and making them relatable(=can be told).
Ex: Her whole philosophy can be encapsulated in this one sentence.
**encapsulate something in something**
2Ex: The leaking fuel rods will be encapsulated in lead.
198
(formal) to call on law, pray, or a witness for aid = to bring into effect متوسل شدن، فراخواندن
invoke
Ex: The UN threatened to invoke economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.
Ex: She invoked history to prove her point.
199
to produce a strong feeling or memory in someone برانگیختن، یادآور شدن
evoke
Ex: The photographs evoked strong memories of our holidays in France.
Ex: Her speech evoked a hostile response.
