Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology Shelf > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophils recognize bacterial components through

A

CD14, MR, CR3, CR4, GR

enhances phagocytosis of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chemotactic agents

A

C5a, LTB4, chemokines (IL-8/CXCL8, MIP, MCP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TCR

A

Ag peptide/MHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TCR coreceptors

A

CD4, CD8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MHC class I expressed by

A

all cells in the body besides RBCs

for comprehensive surveillance by CD8 T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

occurs at old age

A

thymic involution and immunological senescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CD8 binds

A

MHC class I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CD4 binds

A

MHC class II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

superantigens

A

SEB (staphylococcal enterotoxin)
SEC-2
SEE
TSST-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

co-stimulatory receptor required for full activation

A

CD28/B7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T cell receptors for B7 molecules on APC

A

CD28 and CTLA4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

expressed by all T cells

A

CD28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

expressed by activated T cells

A

CTLA4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

interaction negatively regulates T cell activation, shutting down immune response

A

CTLA4:B7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lck and ZAP-70

A

involved in the intracellular signaling events during T cell activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

immature effector T cells to Th1

A

IL-12 from DCs

IFN-gamma from Th1 and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

immature effector T cells to Th2

A

IL-4 from mast cells, B cells and Th2 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Th1 cells

A

macrophage activation
B cell activation and production of opsonizing antibodies such as IgG1
cell-mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IFN-gamma

A

suppresses Th2 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Th2 cells

A 
general activation of B cells to make neutralizing IgG antibodies
eosinophil activation
suppression of macrophage activation
production of IgE
humoral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Six phases of B cell development

A
  1. repertoire assembly (generation in bone marrow)
  2. negative selection (alteration/elimination/inactivation of B cells that bind to self-antigens)
  3. positive selection (promotion of a fraction of immature B cells to become mature in secondary lymphoid tissue)
  4. searching for infection (recirculation of mature B cells)
  5. finding infection (activation/clonal expansion activated by pathogen antigens in secondary lymphoid tissue)
  6. attacking infection (differentiation in antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Two signals required for B cell activation

A
  1. antigen

2. T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T-independent antigens

A

TI-1

TI-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TI-1

A

activates B cells via co-receptor other than Ig
polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes
ex) lipopolysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
TI-2
repetitive epitopes polysaccharides or proteins activate B-1 and B-2 cells inadequate response in children
26
Innate Immunity response
antigen independent, immediate, neutrophils, NK cells, Macrophages (DCs and TLRs)
27
Adaptive Immunity response
Antigen-dependent, slower, T cells, B cells
28
First immune cells to arrive at sites of infection from blood
neutrophils
29
constitute 50% of white blood cells in blood
neutrophils
30
short-lived, forms "pus"
neutrophils
31
kills ingested bacteria by respiratory burst and bactericidal agents
neutrophils
32
Steps of leukocyte migration/infiltration
1. Rolling adhesion (L-selectin) 2. Tight binding (adhesion triggered by cytokines) 3. Diapedesis (firm adhesion through LFA-1:CR3) 4. Migration (chemotaxis to infection sites)
33
primary lymphoid follicle
mostly B cells
34
secondary lymphoid follicle
has germinal center
35
paracortical area
mostly T cells
36
differentiation sites for effector T and B cells
lymph nodes
37
Three ways for NK cells to recognize target cells
1. binding of NK cell to antibody-coated target cell 2. binding of NK cell to adhesion molecules on target cell 3. activation of NK cell by absence of class I MHC
38
Which antigens activate MHC class II?
extracellular: | extracellular bacteria, protein vaccine, fungi, tumor antigens
39
Which antigens activate MHC class I?
intracellular: | virus, DNA vaccine, tumor antigens
40
cells that express high levels of MHC II and MHC I
B cells, macrophages, DCs and thymic epithelial cells
41
professional antigen-presenting cells
B cells, macrophages, DCs
42
increases the expression of MHC I/II in APC and induces their expression in non-APC cells at the sites of infection
IFN-gamma
43
uncommitted T cell progenitor cells express
CD34
44
committed double-negative T-cell progenitor cells express
CD2
45
Uncommitted double-positive thymocytes express?
CD8 and CD4
46
T cell positive selection
interaction of a double-positive T cell with a self-peptide:self-MHC complex determines whether the T cell will become a CD4 or a CD8 T cell
47
T cell negative selection
deletes T cells whose antigen receptors bind too strongly to the complexes of self peptides and self-MHC molecules presented by the cells in the thymus
48
alpha subunit of CD8 binds to
alpha3 subunit of the MHC complex
49
What do superantigens bind?
they link the MHC complexes with the TCRs
50
function of TCRs
specific recognition of antigen
51
function of CD3, CD4/CD8, CD28
signal transduction
52
function of integrin
adhesion
53
ligand for L-selectin
CD34, GlyCAM-1, MAdCAM-1, SIaly Lewie
54
ligands for P-selectin and E-selectin
Sialyl Lewis
55
how do IFN-alpha and IFN-beta fight viral infections?
1. inhibit viral replication 2. increase MHC class I expression and antigen presenting in all cells (promote recognition by cytotoxic T cells) 3. Active NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
56
inflammatory cytokines
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha
57
role of IL-6
promote phagocytosis through the production of opsonins in the liver
58
down regulators
1. IL-10, TGF-beta 2. killing of activated lymphocytes by FAS-FASL 3. CTLA4-B7 interaction 4. Regulatory T cells (FoxP3+) 5. Activation-induced cell death
59
Pathogens' immune-evasion strategies
1. hide or disguise 2. change Ag 3. suppress Ag presentation 4. suppress immune response
60
Immunology of pregnancy (important points)
1. Mucosal immunity (IgA) of the female genitalia tract 2. Trophoblasts don't express MHC I and MHC II 3. Active immune supression bysecretion of immunosuppressive factors (alphafetoprotein, IL-10, TGF-beta) 4. inhibition of immune cells by T-regulatory/suppressor cells ad progesterone
61
Uses of antibodies for diagnosis and research
1. blocking by neutralization of cytokines (steric hindrance) 2. complement fixation and cytolysis or depletion of target cells 3. agonistic antibodies (activate cells) 4. simple binding (ELISA, Flow cytometry) 5. cross-reaction (Coombs test)
62
Coombs' test
to detect the presence of cell-surface binding antibody | direct and indirect
63
Direct Coombs' test
commonly used for hemolytic anemia | cells are coated with primary Abs
64
Indirect Coombs test
to screen pregnant women for anti-RhD antibodies that may cause hemolytic disease of the newborn cells and primary Abs are from different persons

Immunology Shelf (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions