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1
Q

What cells give rise to platelets, erythrocytes and monocytes?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells

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2
Q

Where is the main site of haematopoiesis in a foetus?

A

Liver

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3
Q

What are the main growth factors that regulate haematopoiesis?

A

Interleukins 1-3
Stem cell factor
Erythropoietin

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4
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin molecule carry?

A

4

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5
Q

What are the 4 components of an erythrocytes membrane?

A

Spectrin-forms scaffold maintaining shape and integrity
Ankrytin-anchors ion channels to spectrum skeleton
Band 4.1 protein-regulates membrane stability by stabilising spectrin-actin cytoskeleton
Band 3 protein-exchanges chloride and bicarbonate ions across the membrane

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6
Q

Where are damaged erythrocytes removed from the blood?

A

The spleen

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7
Q

What class of antigens determine the blood type of a person?

A

ABO

Split into a and b antigens

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8
Q

What antibodies target non-present ABO antigens?

A

IgM

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9
Q

What is haematocrit? What are normal levels?

A

Percentage volume of erythrocytes in the blood
Women-40%
Men-45%

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10
Q

What are platelets derived from?

A

Megakarocytes

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11
Q

What regulates platelet production?

A

Thrombopoietin

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12
Q

What is the primary function of platelets?

A

Aggregation at site of wound repair to stop bleeding

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13
Q

What clotting components are required for platelet aggregation?

A

vWF

Fibrogen

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of granules found in platelets?

A

Dense-stimulate aggregation. Contain ATP calcium and 5-HT
Lambda-contain hydrolytic enzymes
Alpha-contain coagulation factors

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of phagocyte?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

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16
Q

What do neutrophils induce?

A

Inflammatory response

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17
Q

What indicated iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Low Hb

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18
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

Genetic condition

Deficient synthesis of Hb

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19
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Anaemia caused by damage to bone marrow

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20
Q

What is the normal structure of haemoglobin?

A

Globin in ring of 4 polypeptide chains- 2 alpha,2 beta

Haem ring with Fe2+ ion in centre

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21
Q

What is different about foetal haemoglobin?

A

2 gamma chains instead of beta

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22
Q

What is indicated by a rise in HbA2

A

Sickle-cell anaemia

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23
Q

What are the 3 main forms of beta thalassemia?

A

Minor-mild or absent anaemia
Intermedia-moderate anaemia
Major-severe anaemia requiring regular transfusions

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24
Q

What is the precursor for erythrocytes?

A

Reticulocytes

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25
What do proerythroblasts divide into?
Haemoglobin synthesising cells
26
What is polycythemia?
Excess of rbcs Absolute-overproduction of rbcs - primary: due to factors increasing production - secondary: due to other conditions increasing RBC production e.g. Hypoxia Relative-apparent rise in rbcs but actually due to reduction in blood plasma
27
Clinical signs of polycythaemia
``` Breathing difficulties Dizziness Excessive bleeding Splenomegaly Headache ```
28
What is essential thrombocythaemia?
Overproduction of platelets by megakaryocytes
29
What is thrombocytopenia?
Decrease in platelet levels
30
What blood disorders are associated with mutations in the JAK2 gene?
Polycythemia Vera | Essential thrombocythaemia
31
What causes primary immunodeficiency?
Chronic granulomatous diseases
32
What causes secondary immunodeficiency?
Viral e.g. HIV/AIDs
33
Define auto inflammation
Prolonged, unwanted innate immunity
34
What is autoimmunity?
Loss or failure of self recognition
35
What is the principle site of haematopoiesis in adults?
Long bones
36
What are primary lymphoid tissues?
Sites where lymphocytes differentiate to express antigen receptors E.g. Thymus (t lymphocytes) and bone marrow (b lymphocytes)
37
What Are secondary lymphoid tissues?
Specialised sites for turning on the acquired immune response E.g. Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
38
What do superficial lymphatics follow?
Superficial veins
39
What do deep lymphatics follow?
Main vessels e.g. Aorta
40
Where does 3/4 of lymph from the body drain into?
Left brachiocephalic vein via thoracic duct
41
Where does lymph from the upper right quadrant drain into?
Right brachiocephalic vein
42
List the main immunity cells
``` Neutrophils Monocytes Natural killer cells Mast cells Basophils Eosinophils ```
43
Outline the intrinsic pathway
1. Damage to endothelial cells exposes collagen fibres and blood comes into contact with them 2. This also damages platelets which release phospholipids 3. Blood contact with collagen activates factor XII 4. Factor XII in presence of Ca2+ and platelet phospholipids eventually activates factor X 5. Activated factor X combines with factor V in presence of Ca2+ to form active enzyme prothrombinase
44
What marks the beginning of the common pathway?
Formation of prothrombinase
45
Outline the common pathway
1. Prothrombinase and Ca2+ catalyse conversion of prothrombin to thrombin 2. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands 3. Thrombin also activates factor XIII 4. Factor XIII strengthens and stabilises fibrin strands into a clot
46
What is clot retraction?
Tightening of fibrin clot
47
What do natural killer cells attack?
Any body displaying abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins
48
What is the role of perforin?
Inserted into plasma membrane of infected cell and creates channels ECM enters cell and causes it to burst in cytolysis
49
What are granzymes?
Protein digesting enzymes that induce apoptosis in target cell
50
What are the 2 main phagocytes?
Neutrophils | Macrophages
51
What are the 5 phases of phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis: phagocyte moves to damage site Adherence: phagocyte attached to foreign material Ingestion: phagocyte extends pseudopods and engulfs microbe. Microbe is eventually surrounded by phagosome Digestion: phagosome enters cytoplasm and forms phagolysosome. Lysozyme is secreted to break down cell wall and rest of microbe Killing: microbe killed, remaining structures kept in residual bodies
52
2 immediate changes in blood vessels in region of tissue injury.
Vasodilation: more blood flow to area | Increased permeability: allows defensive proteins to enter injured area from blood
53
How does histamine contribute to the inflammatory response?
Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
54
How do kinins contribute to the inflammatory response?
Induce vasodilation and increased permeability, chemotactic agents for phagocytes
55
How do prostaglandins contribute to the inflammatory response?
Intensify effects of histamine and kinins, stimulate emigration of phagocytes through capillary walls
56
How do leukotrienes contribute to the inflammatory response?
Increase permeability, chemotactic agents, enhance adherence of phagocytes to pathogens
57
How does the complement system contribute to the inflammatory response?
Stimulates histamine release, chemotactic agents and promotes phagocytosis.
58
What are the 3 stages of inflammation?
1. Vasodilation and increased permeability 2. Phagocyte emigration 3. Tissue repair
59
Where do B and T cells form and mature?
B cells: form and mature in bone marrow | T cells: form in bone marrow, mature in the thymus
60
What is immunocompetence?
Ability to carry out immune responses
61
What are the 2 types of T cell?
Helper T cells : CD4 | Cytotoxic T cells : CD8
62
What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?
Cell-mediated | Antibody-mediated
63
What is clonal selection?
Proliferation and differentiation of a lymphocyte in response to a specific antigen
64
What is antigen processing?
Breakdown of antigenic proteins into peptide fragments that associate with MHC molecules Class 1: process endogenous antigens e.g. Viral Class 2: process exogenous antigens e.g. Bacterial

Block 4 (2 decks)

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