General

Question 1

What cells give rise to platelets, erythrocytes and monocytes?

Answer 1

Haematopoietic stem cells

Question 2

Where is the main site of haematopoiesis in a foetus?

Answer 2

Liver

Question 3

What are the main growth factors that regulate haematopoiesis?

Answer 3

Interleukins 1-3
Stem cell factor
Erythropoietin

Question 4

How many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin molecule carry?

Answer 4

4

Question 5

What are the 4 components of an erythrocytes membrane?

Answer 5

Spectrin-forms scaffold maintaining shape and integrity
Ankrytin-anchors ion channels to spectrum skeleton
Band 4.1 protein-regulates membrane stability by stabilising spectrin-actin cytoskeleton
Band 3 protein-exchanges chloride and bicarbonate ions across the membrane

Question 6

Where are damaged erythrocytes removed from the blood?

Answer 6

The spleen

Question 7

What class of antigens determine the blood type of a person?

Answer 7

ABO

Split into a and b antigens

Question 8

What antibodies target non-present ABO antigens?

Answer 8

IgM

Question 9

What is haematocrit? What are normal levels?

Answer 9

Percentage volume of erythrocytes in the blood
Women-40%
Men-45%

Question 10

What are platelets derived from?

Answer 10

Megakarocytes

Question 11

What regulates platelet production?

Answer 11

Thrombopoietin

Question 12

What is the primary function of platelets?

Answer 12

Aggregation at site of wound repair to stop bleeding

Question 13

What clotting components are required for platelet aggregation?

Answer 13

vWF

Fibrogen

Question 14

What are the 3 types of granules found in platelets?

Answer 14

Dense-stimulate aggregation. Contain ATP calcium and 5-HT
Lambda-contain hydrolytic enzymes
Alpha-contain coagulation factors

Question 15

What are the 4 types of phagocyte?

Answer 15

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

Question 16

What do neutrophils induce?

Answer 16

Inflammatory response

Question 17

What indicated iron deficiency anaemia?

Answer 17

Low Hb

Question 18

What is thalassemia?

Answer 18

Genetic condition

Deficient synthesis of Hb

Question 19

What is aplastic anaemia?

Answer 19

Anaemia caused by damage to bone marrow

Question 20

What is the normal structure of haemoglobin?

Answer 20

Globin in ring of 4 polypeptide chains- 2 alpha,2 beta

Haem ring with Fe2+ ion in centre

Question 21

What is different about foetal haemoglobin?

Answer 21

2 gamma chains instead of beta

Question 22

What is indicated by a rise in HbA2

Answer 22

Sickle-cell anaemia

Question 23

What are the 3 main forms of beta thalassemia?

Answer 23

Minor-mild or absent anaemia
Intermedia-moderate anaemia
Major-severe anaemia requiring regular transfusions

Question 24

What is the precursor for erythrocytes?

Answer 24

Reticulocytes

Question 25

What do proerythroblasts divide into?

Answer 25

Haemoglobin synthesising cells

Question 26

What is polycythemia?

Answer 26

Excess of rbcs Absolute-overproduction of rbcs - primary: due to factors increasing production - secondary: due to other conditions increasing RBC production e.g. Hypoxia Relative-apparent rise in rbcs but actually due to reduction in blood plasma

Question 27

Clinical signs of polycythaemia

Answer 27

``` Breathing difficulties Dizziness Excessive bleeding Splenomegaly Headache ```

Question 28

What is essential thrombocythaemia?

Answer 28

Overproduction of platelets by megakaryocytes

Question 29

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 29

Decrease in platelet levels

Question 30

What blood disorders are associated with mutations in the JAK2 gene?

Answer 30

Polycythemia Vera | Essential thrombocythaemia

Question 31

What causes primary immunodeficiency?

Answer 31

Chronic granulomatous diseases

Question 32

What causes secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 32

Viral e.g. HIV/AIDs

Question 33

Define auto inflammation

Answer 33

Prolonged, unwanted innate immunity

Question 34

What is autoimmunity?

Answer 34

Loss or failure of self recognition

Question 35

What is the principle site of haematopoiesis in adults?

Answer 35

Long bones

Question 36

What are primary lymphoid tissues?

Answer 36

Sites where lymphocytes differentiate to express antigen receptors E.g. Thymus (t lymphocytes) and bone marrow (b lymphocytes)

Question 37

What Are secondary lymphoid tissues?

Answer 37

Specialised sites for turning on the acquired immune response E.g. Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Question 38

What do superficial lymphatics follow?

Answer 38

Superficial veins

Question 39

What do deep lymphatics follow?

Answer 39

Main vessels e.g. Aorta

Question 40

Where does 3/4 of lymph from the body drain into?

Answer 40

Left brachiocephalic vein via thoracic duct

Question 41

Where does lymph from the upper right quadrant drain into?

Answer 41

Right brachiocephalic vein

Question 42

List the main immunity cells

Answer 42

``` Neutrophils Monocytes Natural killer cells Mast cells Basophils Eosinophils ```