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Evolutionary Ecology > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

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1
Q

Darwin definition of natural selection and year

A

This preservation of favourable variations, and the rejection of unfavourable variations, I call Natural Selection
(1859)

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2
Q

Who made the first measures of heritability?

A

Sir Francis Galton

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3
Q

When did lonesome George die and what species was he?

A

2012

Pinta Island tortoise

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4
Q

Three types of selection what they selected for / against

A

Stabilising selection - against extremes
Disruptive selection - against intermediates
Directional selection - favours extremes

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5
Q

Who came up with the spandrels idea and in what year?

A

Gould and Lewontin (1979)

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6
Q

How do you know that variation in nature is driven by natural selection?

A

Measure it
Infer it from parallel evolution
Inter it from genomic footprints

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7
Q

Criteria for adaptive radiation

A

Common ancestry
Phenotype-environment correlation
Trait utility
Rapid speciation

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8
Q

Marie Curie Speciation Network year

A

2011

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9
Q

General model of ecological speciation - overview

A

Mating preferences evolve for the same ecomorph irrespective of relative fitness

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10
Q

General model of ecological speciation - steps

A
  1. Polymorphism in species that conveys different ecological preferences
  2. Dichotomous ecologies means reproduction with other less likely
  3. Ecological trait and mate preference become linked, hybrids selected against
  4. Selection against other population complete
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11
Q

Who came up with term magic traits and when?

Check

A

Servedio et al (2011)

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12
Q

More specific model of ecological speciation

Author and year

A

Van Doorn et al (2009)

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13
Q

More specific model of ecological speciation - overview

A

Mating preferences are entirely due to relative fitness of ecomorphs

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14
Q

More specific model of ecological speciation - overview

A
  1. Polymorphism evolves in species that conveys different habitat preferences. May evolve in allopatry, sympatry, peripatry or weak sympatry
  2. Adoption of dichotomous habitats means immigrants from other habitat poorly adapted to new habitat
  3. Poor ecological adaptation = less showy and less able to attract mates
  4. Selection against other population becomes complete
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15
Q

What are the genetic markers used / methods of sequencing?

A 
Microsatellites
Sanger sequencing
SNPs
Next generation sequencing
SMRT sequencing
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16
Q

What can you sequence?

A

Total genomic DNA
Homologous fragments
Expressed genes
The environment

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17
Q

What can you use total genomic DNA for?

A 
Phylogenetics
Population genetics
Species delimitation
Species identification
Gene discovery
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18
Q

What can you use homologous fragments for?

A

Phylogenetics

Population genetics

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19
Q

When was the first human genome published?

A

2001

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20
Q

Ways selection operates at the genome level

A

Hard sweep
Soft sweep
Polygenic adaptation
Adaptive introgression

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21
Q

How do populations adapt to novel environments?

A

Selection on pre-existing genetic variation

Selection on novel mutations

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22
Q

Who proposed the key innovation hypothesis?

A

(George Gaylord) Simpson

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23
Q

% endemism on Hawiian Islands

A

97%

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24
Q

Who came up with Tangled Bank idea

A

Darwin

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25
When does character displacement occur?
When presence of a closely-related species leads to selection on a phenotype
26
2 types of character displacement
Ecological | Reproductive
27
Criteria for ecological character displacement
Phenotypic differences evolved due to genetic differences in sympatry Pattern could not have evolved by chance Pattern results from species shift Changes in phenotype match shifts in resource use The environments in sympatry and allopatry are not appreciably different Similar phenotypes compete for limited resources
28
Criteria for reproductive character displacement
Traits evolved must play a significant role in aspects of pre-mating isolation The allopatric character states must represent the precontact condition The apparent displacement in sympatry must not be explainable as part of a trend established for one or both species in allopatry The displacement must have occured as a result of the interaction of the species in sympatry, and other features in the environment
29
Reasons for selection against hybrids
Incompatibilities | Intermediates
30
Barriers to gene flow (HZ)
Spatial or temporal barriers Mating signal divergence Reduced fitness of hybrids on average
31
Difficulties with speciation
Novel fit genotype has fewer potential mates No benefit to mating assortatively until ecological differences have evolved Assortative mating becomes less advantageous as it becomes more common
32
Correlates of diversification rates
``` Sexual selection Body size Dispersal Range size Sexual conflict Population size Latitude Habitat heterogeneity Mutation rate etc. ```
33
2 main ways the phylogenetic distribution of species in a community occurs starting from a regional species pol
Habitat filtering | Competition-driven structuring
34
What could a rise in diversification towards present represent?
Increase in speciation rate Decrease in extinction rate Lag in extinction
35
What could a decrease in diversification towards present represent?
Decrease in speciation rate | Increase in extinction rate
36
% energy Antarctic birds spend trying to maintain body temperature
90%
37
Who came up with idea of recapitulation?
Ernst Haeckel
38
Key concepts in understanding constraints of development / what's evolvable
Pleiotropy | Epistasis
39
Number of genes in human genome
20,000-30,000
40
Which types of mutations should regulate developmental evolution?
Cis-regulatory | Structural
41
Cis-regulatory person
Sean Carroll
42
Newton's natural theology year
1795
43
Darwin recognising evolution limited by the need for transitional forms Year and book
1859 | On the Origin of Species
44
What happens when you have more phenotypic dimensions?
Wait time increases | Maximum size of positive mutation reduces
45
What happens if optimum suddenly moves further away from current value?
Alleles of large effect can get fixed (first) Then only alleles of small effect Predicts mixtures of allele effect sizes
46
Who was many loci of small effect vs few loci of major effect against?
Fisher and Wright
47
What happens with many loci of small effect?
Low probability of fixation of individual loci. Fixation by drift only when populations very small Genetic load high High input of variation through mutation Genetic correlations low (little pleiotropy) Response to selection slow but sustained
48
What happens with few loci of major effect?
High probability of fixation of advantageous mutations Genetic load low Low input of variation through mutation Genetic correlations high (lots of pleiotropy) Response to selection fast, but exhaustion of variation rapid
49
Haldane's sieve year
1937
50
"Natural selection is not evolution" | Who and when?
Fisher (1930)
51
Types of demographic cost from variation
Standing load Substitution load Lag load
52
Who looking at traits that make species end up on Red List?
Georgina Mace
53
Conditions for adaptation (vs extinction)
High genetic variation (in fitness) Strong selection Big starting population High fecundity
54
Conditions for extinction (vs adaptation)
Low genetic variation (in fitness) Weak selection Small starting population Low fecundity
55
Costs of migration
Generates standing load | Additional cost if population displaced from optimum (maladaptation load)
56
Benefits of migration
Increases genetic variation | Maintains marginal populations while they adapt
57
Benefits of recombination
Generates extreme genotypes (fewer selective deaths) | Allows genetic correlations to be broken up
58
Costs of recombination
Large proportion of genotypes displaced from optimum each generation Harder for particular genotypes to get established
59
Key aspects of behaviour that affect how genotypes experience environments
``` Phenology Habitat / oviposition choice Foraging behaviour Migration Mate choice ```
60
What do we need to understand about behaviour / plasticity
How plastic responses evolve Cost of plasticity How they affect evolutionary responses
61
Potential mechanisms for habitat preference to arise
Imprinting on environment where born Phenotype dependent Competition-driven Direct genetic habitat preference
62
How can you categorise plasticity?
Reversible | Irreversible
63
Who was sensory drive hypothesis proposed by and when?
Endler (1992)
64
What do we expect to see if there is strong adaptation to climate?
Clines of allele frequencies of beneficial alleles | Those clines to change as climate changes

Evolutionary Ecology (5 decks)

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