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Sensory Ecology > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

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1
Q

Hearing organs are specialised structures that serve the following primary physical functions:

A

The coupling of sound to the organism
The conversion of sound into mechanical energy
The conversion into useful nerve signals

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2
Q

Physical dimensions of sound

A 
Frequency range
Frequency resolution
Temporal resolution
Amplitude range
Amplitude resolution
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3
Q

Human amplitude threshold

A

1000 Hz (1dB)

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4
Q

Minimal energy detectable for a human at threshold

A

4zJ

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5
Q

Tool to estimate the frequency composition of a waveform

A

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

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6
Q

Sound graphs:
Amplitude over time
Frequency over time
Frequency and relative amplitude / overall frequency composition

A

Amp - oscillogram
Freq - sonogram
Freq and amp - power spectrum

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7
Q

Proximal adaptations for hearing

How

A

Directionality
High sensitivity
Frequency selectivity

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8
Q

Ultimate adaptations for hearing

Why

A

Mate detection
Predator detection
Prey detection

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9
Q

Transmission - object size to wavelength ratio

A

1:10

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10
Q

Diffraction - object larger than …… of the wavelength

A

1/10

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11
Q

Water depth where sound transmits well

A

600 - 800 m

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12
Q 
Resolutions and ranges humans can detect:
Frequency range
Dynamic range
Frequency resolution
Temporal resolution
Amplitude resolution
Angular resolution
A 
Frequency range = 20 Hz - 20 kHz
Dynamic range = 0 dB - 140 dB
Frequency resolution = 1%
Temporal resolution = 1 us
Amplitude resolution = 1 dB
Angular resolution = 1 degree
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13
Q

Two types of hearing organs and what they respond to

A

Pressure receivers - pressure

Particle velocity receivers - particle velocity

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14
Q

Number of mechanosensory cells at pedicel of chironomid fly antennae

A

16,000

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15
Q

Directional hearing acoustic cues

A

Interaural time difference
Interaural amplitude difference
Spectral information (frequency content)

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16
Q

Types of systems for hearing directional information

A

Independent pressure receivers
Pressure difference receivers
Mechanically coupled pressure receptors

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17
Q

Ormia ochracea mechanical ITD

Delay measured by microphone

A

50 us

1.4 us

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18
Q

Frequencies associated with coupled tympanal membrane modes

A

Mode 1 - low frequency (4 kHz)
Mode 2 - intermediate
Mode 3 - high

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19
Q

Arachnoscelis / Ultrasonus frequency of communication

A

153 kHz

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20
Q

Who discovered Ampullae of Lorenzini and when?

A

Stefano Lorenzini (1678)

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21
Q

% overall energy some flowers invest into nectar production

A

37%

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22
Q

Charge density unit

A

Volts per meter

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23
Q

What do we need to ask when looking at a sense?

A 
Cues, physical quantities
Behavioural evidence
Detection, perception
Thresholds
Sensory substrate
Adequate stimulus, information
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24
Q

Chemical formula of magnetite

A

Fe3O4

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25
What is the significance of H vector?
Points to magnetic N
26
What is angle D?
Declination angle | Between geographic and magnetic north
27
What is angle I?
Inclination angle | Angle of the horizontal plane
28
Field intensities information Ambient field Local variations Behavioural thresholds
Ambient field = 30,000 - 60,000 nT Local variations = 1,000 nT Behavioural thresholds = 25-50 nT
29
The successive phases of long-distance navigation
Long-distance phase - celestial, magnetic, landmarks Homing phase - compasses, landmarks, olfaction, soundscapes Pinpointing the goal phase - cues
30
Speed of light
300 x 10^6 ms^-1
31
``` Irradiance levels in different light levels and types Photopic Sunlight Sunrise / set Mesopic Twilight Full moon Scotopic Starlight ```
``` Sunlight = 10^20 Sunrise / set = 10^18 Twilight = 10^16 Full moon = 10^14 Starlight = 10^12 ```
32
Threshold irradiance for human vision
10^10 Ph m^-2 s ^-1
33
What can happen when a molecule absorbs a photon?
Vibrate Electrons excited and jump to higher energy state Ionized
34
What can excited molecules do?
Fluoresce / phosphoresce Change shape React with another molecule Break apart
35
Spectroscopy measurements
Transmission Absorptance (P) Absorbance (A)
36
% space in rod outer segment occupied by rhodopsin
50%
37
Chromophore molecule name Rhodopsins Porphyropsins
Retina | 3,4-dehydroretinal
38
How long does the cis trans isomerisation of retinal take
500 femtoseconds
39
Rod maximum absorbance and absorption range
498 nm | 350 - 580 nm
40
Blue pigment maximum absorbance
420 nm
41
Green pigment maximum absorbance
534 nm
42
Red pigment maximum absorbance
564 nm
43
Visible light wavelength
400 - 700 nm
44
Types of heat sensor
Convective | Radiant
45
Forest fire temperature and wavelength
425 - 1,000 degreesC | 2 - 3 um
46
How many mya was the Cambrian explosion?
530 mya
47
Duration of the Cambrian explosion
5 my
48
Number of facets in anomalocaris
15,000
49
When was Haikouichthys around?
500 - 550 mya
50
Stages of the evolution of the eye
Detect light Screening pigment Membrane stacking Lens system / focusing optics
51
What is non-directional photoreception used for?
Monitoring light intensity Depth control Entrainment for a circadian clock Shadow response
52
Characteristics of non-directional photoreception
Typically slow response Large dynamic change No adaptation
53
How many degrees does each photoreceptor in the eye of a nautilus sample?
25 degrees
54
Where colour vision has evolved and how many times
Twice Vertebrates Ecdysozoa
55
Who won Nobel prize in 1920s about how animals see colour?
Karl von Frisch
56
Why is colour vision important to the ecology of animals?
Signals Camouflage Communication
57
3 mechanisms of colour vision
Changes to the opsin Using a different chromophore Filters
58
Vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsin types
V - C-type (ciliary) | I - R-type (rhabdomeric)
59
Position chromophore attached to
296
60
Bond of chromophore to opsin
Covalently
61
Residue chromophore bonded to
Lysine
62
Order of signal transduction cascade - vertebrates
``` Chromophore Rhodopsin Transducin PDE cGMP cGMP gated channels closed Hyperpolarisation ```
63
Order of signal transduction cascade - invertebrates
``` Chromophore Opsin Gq trp channels opened Depolarisation ```
64
Full name for A2
3,4-dihydroretinal
65
Chromophores invertebrates use
A1 and A3
66
A1 sensitivity
630-640 nm
67
A2 sensitivity
Up to almost 770 nm
68
When did stomatopods split from other crustaceans?
280 - 300 mya
69
How many stomatopod species and superfamilies?
Over 500 species | 9 superfamilies
70
3 parts of the stomatopod eye
Dorsal hemisphere Ventral hemisphere Mid band
71
Number of stomaptopod UV visual pigments
6
72
What is polarisation created by?
Scattering Reflection Polarisers
73
Stages in polarisation sensitivity
Molecular Cellular Neural / behaviour
74
Who studying Saharan ants and polarisation?
Rudiger Wehner
75
Degree of polarisation in light polluted vs rural
16% vs almost 50%
76
Crustacean angle of polarisation resolution
10-15 degrees
77
Stomatopod group that uses polarisation and structural colour
Haptosquillids
78
SWS bird cone sensitivity
Ultraviolet or violet | When maximally sensitive to UV = 360 nm
79
Who studied sexual dimorphism in bird UV reflectance?
Ben Sheldon
80
Why high contrast patterns as aposematism / what do they increase?
Saliency, memorability, consistency
81
Irradiance spectrum at 1500 m compared to surface
12 orders of magnitude less
82
Maximum transmission at 1500 m
460 nm
83
Maximum transmission for water vs fish (marine)
Water - 460 nm | Fish - 480 nm
84
Deep sea red sensitive visual pigment species | Changing chromophore from A1 to A2 can give opsin maximally sensitive to:
520 and 551 nm | 588 and 669 nm
85
Methods of fiddler crab communication
Vibrations Colour Movement
86
Action-perception cycle
``` Sensory transduction Sensory processing Multi-sensory integration Sensorimotor tranformation Motor activity ```
87
Who asked how insects detect directional motion and when?
Hassenstein and Reichardt (1953, 1956)
88
Layers in insect brain that visual inputs pass through (in order)
Lamina Medulla Lobula
89
Which photoreceptive cells are an exception to the order visual inputs pass through in the insect brain? Why?
R7 and R8 | Skip lamina
90
Where is optic flow processed and used in the insect brain?
Lobula plate

Sensory Ecology (5 decks)

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