General

Question 1

% energy that goes through biomass

Answer 1

10%

Question 2

Why is prey behaviour studied more?

Answer 2

Easier to assume fixed risk of predation

Prey easier to observe

Question 3

Encounter rates matter more when …

Answer 3

Densities are limited

Sensory ranges are limited

Question 4

Random walk explanation

Answer 4

Step length at time (t) uncorrelated to step length at t+1

Question 5

Variants of random walks

Answer 5

Brownian motion
Correlated random walk
Lévy flight

Question 6

If slope of line (u) near …, = Lévy flight

Answer 6

2

Question 7

What can prey do to reduce encounter rate when no information about predators

Answer 7

Reduce movement
Use refuges
Aggregate

Question 8

What can prey do to reduce encounter rate when has information about predators

Answer 8

Move elsewhere

Or do same as if don’t have cues

Question 9

First person to write about theories of matching the background

Answer 9

Abbott Thayer

Question 10

Who was Thayer ridiculed by?

Answer 10

Theodore Roosevelt

Question 11

Who came up with the most popular theory of how colour patterns form?

Answer 11

Alan Turing

Question 12

What do we need to describe the background in terms of?

Answer 12

Orientation and spatial frequency of edges

Colour of surfaces

Question 13

“No colour scheme whatever is of much avail to animals when they move, unless movement is very slow and cautious”

Who said this?

Answer 13

Theodore Roosevelt

Question 14

How to conceal motion

Answer 14

Move slowly
Move in short bursts
Match the motion of background
Give up and use a different tactic

Question 15

What does disruptive colouration involve?

Answer 15

Colour patches intersecting body outline
Differential blending
Maximum disruptive contrast

Question 16

What group identified principles of what the brain does to group features together and recognise objects?

Answer 16

Gestalt school of psychology

Question 17

What are the principles of what the brain does to group features together and recognise objects?

Answer 17

Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Symmetry
Area
Closure

Question 18

Other reasons to be countershaded

Answer 18

Protection from UV
Viewed against different backgrounds from below vs above
Save cost of pigmentation where not needed

Question 19

First person to use term “search images”

Answer 19

Luuk Tinbergen

Question 20

How detection and recognition separated

Answer 20

Figure-ground segmentation

Target-distractor discrimination

Question 21

Who came up with Batesian mimicry?

Answer 21

Henry Walter Bates

Question 22

How does imperfect mimicry exist?

Answer 22

Differences in perception from humans
Lots of alternative profitable prey
Costs of misclassifying as tasty very high
Rapid decision-making needed
Biases in learning

Question 23

Ways of quantifying background complexity / visual clutter

Answer 23

Sub-band entropy

Feature congestion metrics

Question 24

Leader on feature congestion metrics

Answer 24

Ruth Rosenholtz

Question 25

Who noticed the idea of aposematism and when?

Answer 25

Alfred Russel Wallace (1867)

Question 26

Who coined the term aposematism and when?

Answer 26

Poulton (1890)

Question 27

Who originally cam up with synergistic selection?

Answer 27

Dawkins

Question 28

Why be conspicuous (aposematism)?

Answer 28

Easy to discriminate from background - can be seen from afar, facilitates decision making Easy to discriminate from palatable prey - facilitates learning, facilitates memory

Question 29

Why often contrasting colours (aposematism)?

Answer 29

Increases visibility independent of background Increases distinctiveness from palatable prey Increases memorability independent of background

Question 30

Who claimed credit for WW1 dazzle?

Answer 30

Kerr Thayer Norman Wilkinson

Question 31

Another term for startle displays

Answer 31

Deimatic behaviour

Question 32

Who coined the term protean behaviour and when?

Answer 32

Humphries and Driver (1970)

Question 33

Counteracting the confusion effect

Answer 33

Shift attention toward prey capture Get experience Target odd prey Attack prey on group edge

Question 34

Run as soon as predator detected when...

Answer 34

``` Predators search slowly Predators have high prey detection rate There's a large advantage to having head start Low energetic fleeing cost High capture success ```

Question 35

How can type 2 functional response be exploited by prey?

Answer 35

Predator swamping | Unpredictable high-density emergence of individuals

Question 36

Snowshoe hare population cycle (how many years)

Answer 36

8-11 years