General Flashcards
(517 cards)
What is a glycocalyx?
A carbohydrate rich coating that covers the outside of many eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Compare the nucleus of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes - no nuclear membrane.
Eukaryotes - nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus.
Compare whether the organelles in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are membrane bound.
Prokaryotes - no
Eukaryotes - Yes e.g lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts.
Compare the flagella in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes- made with 2 proteins.
Eukaryotes - made with multiple microtubules.
Compare the Glycocalyx in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Pro- Present as capsule or slime layer.
Eu - Present but chemically simple - cellulose or chitin.
Compare the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Pro- No cytoplasm and cytoskeleton
Eu- Cytoskelton and cytoplasm.
Compare the ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Pro- small 70s
Eu- 80s and small 70s in organelles.
Compare the DNA of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Pro- single circular chromosomes with no histones.
Eu- multiple linear chromosomes with histones.
Compare the methods of cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Pro - Binary fission
Eu- mitosis / meiosis
What are the benefits of an organism being multi-cellular (Eukaryotes).
Multi-cellular organisms are prey for fewer predators, can eat a wider variety of prey, longer life span, specialism for adaption and efficiency.
What is cytosol?
The intracellular fluid of cytoplasm. Contains dissolved ions, glucose, Aino acids, ATP, lipids and waste products.
Site of enzyme-controlled reactions.
What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
Provides structural support to maintain the shape and size of the cells and enable their specific function.
Provides anchorage for organelles so they don’t get moved around and damaged.
Allow cell locomotion for example in cillia and flagella.
Also important to cell communication.
What are the 3 main filament types in a cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.
What proteins are microfilaments in the cytoskeleton made from?
Actin and myosin.
What are the purpose of microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?
Surround the edge of the cell, help generate movement, provide mechanical support needed for cell strength and shape, create microvilli.
How do microfilaments in the cytoskeleton allow a cell to move?
Microfilaments break and reform constantly to allow the cell to move.
How do microfilaments in the cytoskeleton help when forming blood clots?
Microfilaments break and move out to form new adhesions and increase the size of platelets. This creates a large surface area and allows a blood clot to form.
What proteins are the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton made from?
Keratin, vimentin and lamination’s.
What are the purpose of intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.
They are very strong and are found in parts of the cell which are under mechanical stress such as the skin. They help stabilise the positions of the organelles within the cell.
What proteins are the microtubules in the cytoskeleton made from ?
Tubulin
What is the purpose of the microtubules in the cytoskeleton?
Help with cell strength and movement of organelles such as vesicles during cell division. Provide structure to the flagella.
Where are microtubules formed?
In the centrosome then radiate outwards.
What is the function of centrosomes?
Growth of mitotic spindles during cell division.
What do centrosomes consist of ?
2 centrioles (cylindrical structures composed of 9 clusters of microtubule triplets, both at right angles to each other. ) Pericentriola material (protein material) surrounds the centrioles.