General Flashcards
Insulin dependent glucose uptake occurs in which of the following sites? A) kidney B) skeletal muscle C) brain D) cardiac muscle E) B and C
B) skeletal muscle
Jane, a 23 year old female, presents with complaints of a 15 lb weight loss and periodic episodes of weakness 2 hours after eating. On examination you find her blood pressure is 120/80. Her laboratory data shows fasting hyperglycemia (glucose, 200 mg/dl). You suspect an endocrine pathology and request an RIA for the hormone _____. A) thyroid hormone B) glucagon C) cortisol D) growth hormone E) insulin
E) insulin
Jane’s laboratory results (Q3 above) confirm insulin is absent. You administer an oral glucose tolerance test. Her glucose tolerance test fails. You would classify this endocrine pathology as ______. A) primary, adenocortical insufficiency. B) primary, pancreatic islet insufficiency. C) secondary, pituitary insufficiency. D) secondary, liver insufficiency.
B) primary, pancreatic islet insufficiency.
What other hormone would you expect to be elevated in a insulin deficeient patient’s plasma because of the absence of a negative feedback? A) Adenocorticotrophin (ACTH) B) Insulin C) Glucagon D) Growth hormone
C) Glucagon
Which of the following hormones is catabolic in its action? A) insulin B) cortisol C) glucagon D) A and C E) B and C
E) B and C
During the fed state, nervous tissue derives most of its metabolic energy from: A) glucose B) fatty acids C) amino acids D) ketones
A) glucose
During the fasting state, most of the circulating glucose is due to the _____which breaks down glycogen to glucose. A) liver B) skeletal muscle C) stomach D) pancreas
A) liver
Which of the following hormones stimulates lipolysis (break down of fat)? A) insulin B) aldosterone C) insulin like growth factor 1 D) epinephrine
D) epinephrine
Epinephrine acts in a synergistic manner to regulate blood levels of glucose by inhibiting___. A) insulin secretion B) glucagon secretion C) cortisol secretion D) aldosterone secretion
A) insulin secretion
A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis hyperventilates because____. A) insulin inhibits the respiratory center. B) elevated glucose stimulates the thirst and respiratory centers. C) elevated plasma H+ concentration stimulates respiratory centers. D) increased extracellular volume stimulates bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidney.
C) elevated plasma H+ concentration stimulates respiratory centers.
At the end of a strenuous workout lasting 3 hours, John’s blood glucose levels were 70 mg/dL. Which of the following hormones would be increased in his blood at this time? A) cortisol B) growth hormone C) epinephrine D) A and B E) A, B, and C
E) A, B, and C
Define Gigantism, acromegaly
Gigantism occurs when there is excess secretion of GH before puberty. Acromegaly is the condition in which there is excess secretion of GH in the adult.
Why is the pulsatile secretion of hypothalamus peptides critical for a normal response by the pituitary?
Pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic peptides prevents down-regulation of receptors in the pituitary target cells.
If a person’s diet is low in iodine, predict what happens to thyroid hormone production.
Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone is decreased.
If a person’s diet is low in iodine, predict what happens to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) production?
Plasma TSH levels rise due to reduced negative feedback by TH.
A. What target tissue integrates somatostatin (SRIF) and GHRH signals?
Pituitary target cells
What effect does SRIF have on its target tissue?
Somatostatin inhibits secretion of GH
What hormone is regulated by SRIF?
Growth hormone (GH)
Mary is a 22 year old graduate student. She complains of profuse sweating, increased heart rate, hand tremors, nervousness, and irritability. Her basal metabolic rate is significantly elevated. She has decreased levels of TSH in her blood. You suspect a primary endocrine disorder. Which of the following thyroid hormone patterns would you expect after laboratory tests? A) Normal T3 and T4. B) Depressed T3 and T4. C) Elevated T3 and T4. D) Normal T3 and elevated T4 E) Depressed T3 and elevated T4.
C) Elevated T3 and T4.
A 30 year old female complains of increasing fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Her blood pressure is 75/45. She appears deeply tanned even in areas not exposed to the sun. Your examination reveals low serum Na+, low cortisol, and high ACTH levels. 7. A. The most likely diagnosis of her disease is: A) Secondary hypothyroidism. B) Primary hypothyroidism. C) Secondary ACTH insufficiency. D) Primary adenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease).
D) Primary adenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease).
Jim had 100 mLs of blood drawn before his 5 mile race on Monday. A second blood sample was taken at the end of his race. Which of the following had increased in the second sample? A) glucagon B) cortisol C) growth hormone D) A and B E) A, B and C
E) A, B and C
A 22 year graduate student was diagnosed as having a primary endocrine disorder that increased her plasma triiodothyronine (T3) levels ten fold. When examined, she had increased: a. body temperature b. TRH levels in her blood. c. TSH levels in her blood. d. TRH and TSH levels in her blood. e. A and D
a. body temperature
In chronic iodine deficiency, the thyroid gland: a. enlarges due to elevated secretion of thyroid hormone. b. shrinks due to decreased secretion of thyroid hormone. c. enlarges due to elevated secretion of TSH. d. remains unchanged.
c. enlarges due to elevated secretion of TSH.
Synergistic actions of the adrenal hormones, cortisol and ______, raise blood glucose levels. a. Epinephrine b. Insulin like-growth factor -1 (IGF-1) c. Triiodothyronine (T3) d. Thyroxine (T4) e. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a. Epinephrine
Down regulation of deiodinase 1 activity in peripheral tissues, such as the liver and kidney, inhibits the conversion of the prohormone ______, to its more active form. a. Epinephrine b. Insulin like-growth factor -1 (IGF-1) c. Triiodothyronine (T3) d. Thyroxine (T4) e. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) f. Somatostatin g. Aldosterone h. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
d. Thyroxine (T4)
Athletes who inject high doses of human GH, exhibit increased muscle mass and increased blood levels of _______. a. Epinephrine b. Insulin like-growth factor -1 (IGF-1) \ c. Triiodothyronine (T3) d. Thyroxine (T4) e. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) f. Somatostatin g. Aldosterone h. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
f. Somatostatin
In response to an increase in blood Na+ levels, the posterior pituitary secretes _______. a. Epinephrine b. Insulin like-growth factor -1 (IGF-1) c. Triiodothyronine (T3) d. Thyroxine (T4) e. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) f. Somatostatin g. Aldosterone h. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
e. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Excess secretion of ACTH can cause beard growth and deepening of the voice in a female bcause of the secretion of __________. a. Epinephrine b. Insulin like-growth factor -1 (IGF-1) c. Triiodothyronine (T3) d. Thyroxine (T4) e. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) f. Somatostatin g. Aldosterone h. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
h. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
A 33 year old woman complains to her physician that she has joint pains, headaches and increased size of her feet, hands, and lower jaw. To confirm a diagnosis of acromegaly, he administered an oral glucose load. It did not decrease her fasting target hormone level. Why? a. The negative feedback to the pituitary is impaired. b. The negative feedback to the adrenal gland is impaired. c. The negative feedback to the liver is impaired. d. The negative feedback to the pancreas is impaired
a. The negative feedback to the pituitary is impaired.
The normal, endogenous secretion of ACTH is correctly described as: a. decreased during times of stress b. decreased by aldosterone c. increased by cortisol d. a circadian rhythm in human
d. a circadian rhythm in human
Which of the following initiates its biological effects by activating cell membrane bound receptors? a. cortisol b. aldosterone c. thyroxine (T4) d. epinephrine
d. epinephrine
Which of the following findings are most likely present in an individual with high circulating levels of aldosterone (primary hyperaldosteronism)? a. hyperkalemia (increased blood K+ levels) b. hypokalemia (decreased blood K+ levels) c. decreased ECF volume d. no change in either K+ blood concentration or ECF volume
b. hypokalemia (decreased blood K+ levels)
A 24 year old graduate student suffered a concussion in a car crash last month. Since then she complains that she is frequently thirsty and must urinate often. You suspect that she has a lesion affecting her posterior pituitary and its secretion of __________. a. aldosterone b. cortisol c. growth hormone d. antidiuretic hormone
d. antidiuretic hormone
A 22 year old graduate student has an enlarged thyroid gland. The levels of T3 and T4 are elevated in her blood. Predict her heart rate. a. Bradycardia (below 60 bpm) b. Tachycardia (above 100 bpm) c. Normal (60-100 bmp)
b. Tachycardia (above 100 bpm)
Cells may communicate with one another by _______. A) transferring signal molecules to adjacent cells through gap junctions. B) local-acting chemicals, called paracrines and autocrines. C) long-distance means, which rely on combinations of electrical and chemical signals. D) A, B, and C.
D) A, B, and C.
List two different mechanisms used by peptide hormones to send their signal across target cell’s surface membrane.
Peptide hormones bind to cell surface receptors. There are 3 types of receptors: G protein coupled (often activate adenylate cyclase to form cAMP); enzyme linked (tyrosine kinase inherent) and enzyme associated (tyrosine kinase recruited).
When steroid hormones bind to their receptors: A) a second messenger pathway is activated. B) G proteins are inhibited. C) gene transcription is activated D) protein kinases are activated
C) gene transcription is activated
Which of the following statements is TRUE for steroid hormones? A) They enter target cells by active transport. B) They require carrier proteins for delivery to target tissues. C) They are stored in secretory vesicles. D) A, B and C
B) They require carrier proteins for delivery to target tissues.
The single most important factor that determines whether a specific gene in a given cell can be regulated by growth hormone is the presence in this cell of _____. A) heat shock proteins. B) specific growth hormone receptors. C) active transporters for growth hormone. D) G proteins.
B) specific growth hormone receptors.
What hormone stimulates the secretion of inactive enzymes (zymogens) by the pancreas? a. secretin b. cholecystokinin (CCK). c. gastrin. d. histamine
c. gastrin?
