Intro Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types/groups of hormone?

A

peptide - protein
lipid
non-peptide AA-based

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2
Q

Name 2 outcomes of a hormone binding a receptor?

A

Activate 2nd messenger

transcription

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3
Q

How is hormone activity terminated?

A

Hormone-Receptor complex is endocytosed and degraded by proteosomes and lyzosomes

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4
Q

Describe the hormone hierarchy

A

hypothalamus - release/inhibit horomones
pituitary - trophic horomones
+/- endocrine gland: final hormones
to target cell

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5
Q

Name the hormones released by the hypothalamus

A
GNRH
CRH
TRH
GHRH
Somatostatin
da
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6
Q

Hormones of anterior pituitary.

Posterior?

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, Prolaction

Vasopressin(ADH), oxytocin

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7
Q

Hormones of the thyroid

A

T3, T4, Calcitonin

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8
Q

Name the hormones of the adrenal gland?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, estrogens, epinepherine

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9
Q

What hormones do the ovaries make?

A

Estradiol, progesterone

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10
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH synthesized?

A

hypothalamic neurons, then stored in posterior pituatary

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11
Q

Describe the difference in response time between the posterior and anterior axis of the pituatary

A

Posterior - stored protein hormones released - fast response

Anterior - hormones have to be produced, then steroid hormones released to a 3rd endocrine organ - slow process

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12
Q

What type of feedback is used to regulate hormones?

A

Negative feedback

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13
Q

Describe the progression of peptide-protein hormone synthesis and secretion

A

pre-prohormone is cleaved in RER to prohormone. Golgi cleaves it to mature. Hormone is packaged into secretory granules. via stimulus it fuses with plasma membrane and is released

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14
Q

How are steroid hormones made?

A

made from cholesterol via enzymes in mitochondria and SER - are secreted immediatley

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15
Q

What 3 enzymes make eicosanoid hormones?

A

COX 1 and 2- prostaglandins, thromboxanes
Lipoxygenases - leukotrienes
Cytochrome p450 - epoxides

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16
Q

What type of receptors are used for each type of hormone?

A

Peptide - protein - cell surface receptors
steroid - cytosolic or nuclear receptors
eicasonids - GPTC-receptors
amines - GPCR, nuclear receptors, or protein receptors

17
Q

What are the 3 main groups of amine hormones?

A

catecholamines
thyroid hormones
tryptophan hormones

18
Q

How are receptors downregulated?

A

By a decrease in receptor #’s or increase in hormonal degradation

19
Q

ADH function and source

A

Retain water

produced in V2 cells of pos. pituitary

20
Q

What is GHRH fucntion and source

A

Stimulates GH

From Somatotroph cells of ant. pituatary

21
Q

What is ACTH function and source?

A

Stimulates cortisol, source is zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex

22
Q

What are the functions of LH?

A

W - follicular maturation and ovulatoin

M - testosterone production and spermatogenesis

23
Q

What are the functions of FSH?

A

W - follicular development

M - spermatogenesis

24
Q

What are the functions of PTH?

A

increase serum Ca+2
PTH-1: kidney, bones
PTH-2: CNS, bones, kidneys

25
What are the functions of Calcitonin?
decrease serum Ca+2 , receptors in CNS, bones, kidneys, intestines
26
What is the function and source of epinephrine?
glycogenolysis, adrenal medulla
27
What type of receptors do estrogen and progesterone bind?
homodimer with 2 hormones and 2 receptors required for activation -> act as transcription factor
28
Describe the receptor complex for thyroid hormone and active Vit. D
unliganded RXR heterodimer (2 complexes 1 binds hormone and other does not)
29
In steroid signalling: hormone dissociates, enters the cells and does what?
binds cytoplasmic receptor, goes to nucleus, forms dimer, and acts as transcription factor
30
Which receptor is a target for type II DM?
PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) nuclear superfamily receptor
31
What are the two elimination "fates" of hormones?
1. oxidized to a metabolite 2. glucuronidated into stable adjunct then to bile by liver or urine by kidney
32
Why are hormones secreted in a pulsatile manner instead of continuous?
decrease desensitization, continuous can downregulate receptor transcription and decrease signalling response
33
Describe the ways multiple hormones can interact
synergistic, antagonistic, permissive, additive
34
What needs to happen for hormones to travel in the body?
attachment to specific/non-specific binding proteins