General Abdomen

Question 1

Function of gastrin (2)

Answer 1

Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl (via enterochromaffin-like cells releasing histamine)

Stimulates Chief Cells to secrete pepsinogen

Mnemonic: G-G (G cells secret Gastrin, gastrin stimulates Gastric function)

Question 2

What produces gastrin

Answer 2

G cells of stomach

Question 3

What increases gastrin secretion

Answer 3

**amino acids in stomach (protein digestion is most potent stimulator)
alkaline environment
acetylcholine from vagal stimulation
gastric distention

Question 4

Which two amino acids are strongest stimulators of gastrin secretion

Answer 4

phenylalanine
tryptophan

Question 5

What inhibits gastrin secretion

Answer 5

HCl in stomach (negative feedback)
Somatostatin

Question 6

Function of somatostatin (7)

Answer 6

Inhibits
-stomach parietal cells (decreases HCl)
-gastric emptying
-pancreatic secretion
-bile secretion
-growth hormone, TSH, procalcitonin in hypothalamus
-intestinal transport of nutrients
-splanchnic blood flow

S-STATIN = STASIS (inhibits all functions)

Question 7

What produces somatostatin

Answer 7

delta (d) cells of stomach, pancreas, duodenum

Mnemonic (Double-SS) - D cells secrete SomatoStatin

Question 8

What increases somatostatin

Answer 8

Acid in duodenum

Question 9

What inhibits somatostatin

Answer 9

acetylcholine from vagal stimulation

Question 10

Function of ghrelin

Answer 10

Stimulates hunger
Increases gastric emptying/acid secretion

Ghrelin Growls (stimulates hunger)

Question 11

What produces ghrelin

Answer 11

enterochromaffin cells of stomach/duodenum

Question 12

When are ghrelin levels highest

Answer 12

before meals

Question 13

Function of CCK (4)

Answer 13

stimulates gallbladder contraction
stimulates sphincter of Oddi relaxation
stimulates acinar cells of pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
suppresses hunger

Question 14

Where is CCK produced

Answer 14

I cells of duodenum

Mnemonic: I-CCK (ick) I cells secrete CCK

Question 15

What increases CCK

Answer 15

amino acids/fatty acids in duodenum (strongest)
acetylcholine from vagal stimulation
CCK releasing peptide

Question 16

What inhibits CCK release

Answer 16

somatostatin

Question 17

Function of secretin (5)

Answer 17

Stimulates bicarb secretion in pancreas (primary)
stimulates bile secretion
inhibits gastric secretion
inhibits stomach parietal cells (decrease HCl)
inhibit gastric motility

Question 18

Where is secretin produced

Answer 18

S cells of duodenum

(S-S) S cells = Secretin

Question 19

What stimulates secretin

Answer 19

acid in duodenum (primary)
fatty acids in duodenum
bile acids in duodenum