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2025 > Truelearn High Yield > Flashcards

Truelearn High Yield Flashcards

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1
Q

Trace Mineral Deficiency Chromium

A

Dyslipidemia
Insulin Intolerance (Hyperglycemia)

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2
Q

Trace Mineral Deficiency manganese

A

Dyslipidemia
Scaly Dermatitis

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3
Q

Trace Mineral Deficiency Molybdenum

A

AMS
Coma
**Must be supplemented in patients on long term parenteral nutrition

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4
Q

Trace Mineral Deficiency Selenium

A

Cardiomyopathy (Keshan Disease)
Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction

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5
Q

Trace Mineral Deficiency Zinc

A

Poor wound healing**
Night blindness
Skin lesions
Delayed sexual maturity

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6
Q

Sensitivity

A

TP/(TP+FN)

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7
Q

Specificity

A

TN/(TN+FP)

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8
Q

PPV

A

TP/(TP+FP)

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9
Q

NPV

A

TN/(TN+FN)

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10
Q

Observation recommended for ventral hernias in patients with these 3 conditions

A

1) BMI > 50
2) active smoker
3) uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c >8%)

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11
Q

Margins for melanoma in situ when using Mohs microsurgery

A

5mm margin (compared to 10mm margins for WLE)

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12
Q

Pediatric patient with recurrent diverticulitis

A

pancreas divisum (dx w/ secretin-enhanced MRCP)

Pathognomonic findings: visualization of dorsal pancreatic duct crossing anterior to CBD and draining superiorly into minor papilla

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13
Q

Type I Endoleak

A

Proximal (1a) or distal (1b) graft attachments

Extend seal zone with a cuff (proximally) or an iliac limb stent graft (distally)

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14
Q

Type II Endoleak

A

Collaterals from lumbar arteries, IMA

**Most common, managed with serial imaging to ensure no sac expansion, if expansion (>5mm) then angiography and embolization

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15
Q

Type III Endoleak

A

Overlap sites when using multiple grafts

Tx w/ relining current endograft with new stent graft

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16
Q

Type IV Endoleak

A

Graft wall porosotiy

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17
Q

Type V endoleak

A

No evidence of a leak (endotension)

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18
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency

A

night blindness
xerophthalmia (softening of cornea, failure to produce tears)
bitot spot (dry foamy patches of conjunctiva)
follicular hyperkeratosis

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19
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency

A

Scurvy (fatigue, petechia, ecchymoses, bleeding gums, depression, dry skin, poor wound healing)

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20
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adults)

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21
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Sensory and motor neuropathy, ataxia, retinal degeneration, hemolytic anemia, infertility

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22
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

bleeding and bruising

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23
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Thiamine
Beriberi: CHF, aphonia, peripheral neuropathy, Wernicke encephalopathy, confusion, coma

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24
Q

Vitamin B2 deficiency

A

Riboflavin
Mucous membrane edema, angular stomatitis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis

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25
Vitamin B3 Deficiency
Niacin Pellagra (dermatitis on areas exposed to sunlight), diarrhea, mouth inflammation, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy
26
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
Pyridoxine Anemia, weakness, insomnia, difficulty walking
27
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Cobalmin Megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia) Peripheral neuropathy Impaired proprioception Slowed mentation
28
Folate deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia Sensory predominant neuropathy
29
Biotin deficiency
AMS, myalgia, anorexia, dermatitis
30
Pantothenate defiency
Paresthesia (burning feet), anemia, GI symptoms
31
Copper deficiency
Pancytopenia, pigment changes, arrythmias
32
Iodine defienciy
Goiter, cretinism (children, intellectual disability, dwarfism)
33
Symptoms of glucagonoma
1) Severe dermatitis (Necrolytic migratory erythema) 2) Mild DM (hyperglycemia, excessive thirst) 3) Stomatitis 4) Anemia 5) Weight loss Diagnosis is fasting glucagon level >1000mg/ml
34
Symptoms of graves disease
Heat intolerance (sweating) Palpitations Weight Loss Increased anxiety Exopthalmos (proptosis)
35
Etilogy of Graves disease
Autoantibodies binding to thyrotropin receptor or TSH receptor whist stimulates production of T3/T4 Characterized by diffuse toxic goiter (no definable nodule)
36
What cancer is associated w/ this paraneoplastic syndrome (lung cancer) Hypercalcemia
squamous cell
37
What cancer is associated w/ this paraneoplastic syndrome (lung cancer) Trousseau Syndrome (Migratory thrombophlebitis
Adenocarcinoma
38
What cancer is associated w/ this paraneoplastic syndrome (lung cancer) Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
Non-small cell
39
What cancer is associated w/ this paraneoplastic syndrome (lung cancer) SIADH
Small cell
40
What cancer is associated w/ this paraneoplastic syndrome (lung cancer) Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone production
Small cell
41
What cancer is associated w/ this paraneoplastic syndrome (lung cancer) Eaton-Lambert Syndrome (muscle fatigue and weakness)
Small cell
42
Physiological changes after creation of AV fistula
Decreased total systemic vascular resistance Increased venous return --> increase in cardiac output
43
Hemolytic vs nonhemolytic blood transfusion reactions
Nonhemolytic: constitutional symptoms, rash Hemolytic: constitutional symptoms, pain at infusion site, dark urine, shock
44
Treatment of hemolytic vs nonhemolytic blood transfusion reactions
Nonhemolytic: stop transfusion, antipyretics, antihistamines, epinephrine, steroids Hemolytic: stop transfusion, fluid bolus
45
Mechanism of hemolytic vs nonhemolytic blood transfusion reactions
Nonhemolytic: host antibodies against donor leukocytes OR cytokines from donor leukocytes (DONOR LEUKOCYTES) Hemolytic: ABO incompatibility, host antibodies against donor RBCa
46
Lead time bias
overestimates survival due to early detection
47
Length time bias
Overestimates survival due to screening tests picking up slowly progressing diseases
48
Work up for Malignant melanoma
Stage I: detailed H&P Stage II: detailed H&P Stage III (including in transit): CBC, LDH, CXR or CT Chest, CT A/P, whole PET/CT Stage IV: CBC, LDH, CXR, CT C/A/P, Brain MRI
49
Which cell type arrive at wounds within 3-5 days and release growth factors to help immune cells proliferate and to initiate angiogrenesis
Macrophages
50
Which cell type is key in proliferative phase of healing
Fibroblasts
51
Spiculated mass with translucent center on mammography
Radial scar (complex sclerosing lesions) Pathology: fibroelastic core with radiating, entrapped ducts and lobules
52
Six breast lesions requiring excisional biopsy
1) ADH 2) ALH 3) LCIS (pleomorphic or florid) 4) Radial Scar 5) Papillary Lesions 6) Phyllodes
53
Injury associated with fracture at surgical neck of humerus
Axillary n Posterior circumflex humeral a
54
injury associated with fracture of midshaft of humerus
Radial n Profunda brachii a
55
Injury associated with humeral supracondylar fracture
brachial a median n
56
injury associated with humeral medial epicondyle fracture
ulnar n ulnar collateral a
57
"Beaked Sign" on neck MRI
Sliver of tissue between external and internal carotid artery = 2nd branchial cleft cyst (tx w/ complete surgical excision)
58
Stage 1 hemorrhagic shock
Up to 15% (750mL) blood loss, normal vitals
59
Stage 2 hemorrhagic shock
15-30% (750-1500mL) blood loss -increased diastolic pressure (narrowed pulse pressure) -slight tachycardia -slightly anxious -delayed capillary refill
60
Stage 3 hemorrhagic shock
30-40% (1500-2000mL) blood loss --hypotension -tachycardia -confused, altered -decreased UOP
61
Stage 4 hemorrhagic shock
>40% (>2L) blood loss -Lethargic, comatose -no UOP
62
What is cellular source of TNF-alpha
Macrophages
63
Briskly bleeding after Pringle maneuver
Replaced left hepatic arteryS
64
Slow bleeding after Pringle maneuver
Injury to retrohepatic IVC and/or hepatic vein
65
Blood supply to abdominal esophagus
Left gastric artery and inferior phrenic arteries
66
Blood supply to thoracic esophagus
Bronchial arteries and branches directly from the aorta
67
Blood supply to cervical esophagus
Inferior thyroid artery
68
Where are Zenker diverticulums
Killian triangle Inferior to thyropharyngeus (oblique fibers) Superior to cricopharynxgeus (horizontal fibers)
69
Immunostaining of Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Positive for Cytokeratin-20 but negative for thyroid transcription factor-1
70
Immunostaining of Small cell cancer of the lung
Positive for Cytokeratin-20 and thyroid transcription factor-1
71
Appearance of Merkel cell carcinoma
raised, purple subcutaneous nodules
72
Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding woman
PO dicloxacillin or cephalexin (clindamycin if allergy to B-lactams)
73
Accuracy calculation
(TN+TP)/all cases
74
Prevalence calculation
(TP+FN)/all studied individuals
75
Sensitivity calculation
TP/(TP+FN)
76
Specificity
TN/(TN+FP)
77
PPV calculation
TP//(TP+FP)
78

2025 (2 decks)

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