General Anesthetics

Question 1

Two groups of General Anesthetics

Answer 1

1) Inhalation anesthetics
2) Intravenous anesthetics

Question 2

General Anesthrics

Answer 2

drugs that produce UNCONSCIOUSNESS and a lack of responsiveness to all PAINFUL STIMULI

Question 3

Analgesis

Answer 3

refers to loss of sensitivity to pain

Question 4

Anesthetic

Answer 4

refers to loss of PAIN but also loss of all other SENSATIONS, and loss of CONSCIOUSNESS

Question 5

Balanced Anesthesia

Answer 5

combining drugs to accomplish what can’t be achieved by inhalation anesthetics alone

Question 6

what agents are use to achieve balanced anesthesia

Answer 6

1) Propofol and Short-Acting Barbiturates (inducing anesthesia)

2) Neuromuscular blocking agents (muscle relaxation)

3) Opioids and nitrous oxide (analgesia)

Question 7

Anesthetics work by

Answer 7

1) ENHANCING transmission at inhibitory synapses

2) DEPRESSING transmission at excitatory synapses

Question 8

What is the principle inhibitory transmitter in CNS

Answer 8

GABA

Question 9

What is GABA

Answer 9

generalized inhibition of CNS function

Question 10

Nitric Oxide do

Answer 10

blocking actions of N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)

• an excitatory neuron

Question 11

MAC

Answer 11

minimum alveolar concentration

Question 12

what is Minimum Alveolar Concentration

Answer 12

index of minimum concentration of drug in alveolar air

• that will produce IMMOBILITY IN 50% of patients exposed to painful stimuli

Question 13

do most agents have a high or low MAC

Answer 13

most have a low mac

Question 14

nitric Oxide MAC

Answer 14

high MAC

• surgical anesthesia cant be achieved with nitric oxide alone

Question 15

Agent Uptake of ihaltion anesthetics

Answer 15

major determinant (outside of lung issues) is [aesthetic] in inspired air/ greater = faster uptake

Question 16

adverse effects of inhalation anesthetics

Answer 16

major concern:
respiratory/ cardiac depression
- doeses 2 - 4 times greater than needed can cause lethal depression

Aspiration
- reflexes that prevent aspiration of GI tract contents into lungs are absent in state of anesthesia

Question 17

Preanesthetics Medication purposes

Answer 17

1) reducing anxiety

2)produce perioperative amnesia

3) relieving pre and post operative pain

Question 18

What are preanesthrtic medications

Answer 18

Benzodiazepines

Opiods

Alpha2-andrenergic agnonists

Question 19

benzodiazepines

Answer 19

reduce anxiety and promote amnesia

Question 20

opiods

Answer 20

relieve pain

supress cough

Question 21

alpha2-andrenergic agonists

Answer 21

reduce pain
cause sedation

Question 22

anesthesiologists

Answer 22

physicians

Question 23

anesthestists

Answer 23

nurses

Question 24

2 basic categories of inhalation anesthetics

Answer 24

1) gases (gaseous state at atmospheric pressure)

2) volatile liquids ( lipuid at atmospheric pressure but converted to vapour for administration

Question 25

Individual inhalation anesathetics

Answer 25

Isoflurane Nitric Oxide

Question 26

isoflurane what is it adverse effects

Answer 26

proteo type for volatile inhalation anesthetics adverse: hypotension, respiratory depression

Question 27

Nitric Oxide

Answer 27

very low anesthetic potency high analgesic potency most widely used inhalation agents

Question 28

Benefits of iv anesthetics

Answer 28

1) allow inhaltion disage to be reduced 2) produce effects that cant be achieved by inhalation agent alone

Question 29

Short acting barbiturates

Answer 29

Methohexital Benzodiazepines: Diazepan

Question 30

Methohexital

Answer 30

effective, but production ceased in 2011 because of its use in human execution

Question 31

Benzodiazepines: Diazepam

Answer 31

on occasion causes severe respiratory depression - emergency respiratory support should be immediately available

Question 32

other iv anesthetics

Answer 32

Propofol Ketamine

Question 33

Propofol

Answer 33

most widely used ivs promotes release of GABA = generalized CNS depression

Question 34

propofol adverse effects

Answer 34

narrow therapeutic range

Question 35

ketamine

Answer 35

produces dissociative anesthesia used for minor surgical/ diagnostic procedures - changing of burn dressing