Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HLSC 220- midterm 1 > pharmacokinetics > Flashcards

pharmacokinetics Flashcards

(101 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

what body does to drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

what drugs do to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 phases of Pharmakinetics

A

(1) Absorption - administration–> blood
(2) Distribution - blood –> cells
(3) Metabolism - enzymatic alteration
(4) Excretion - metabolites –> out of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Major barrier for drugs to pass through cell

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can drugs pass through cytoplasmic membrane

A

(1) membrane transport system (Generally Selective)
(2) Lipophilic drugs: penetrate membrane
(3) Polar drugs/ Ions - not able to cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Absorption Rate

A

How SOON effects begin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Absorption Amount

A

how INTENSE effects are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Enteral

A

GI tract/ absorption via mouth/anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Paraenteral

A

outside of GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Topical

A

applied outside body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What affects Drug Absorption?

A

(1) Rate of dissolution - fater = increased absprotion rate
(2) Surface Area - larger SA = faster absorption rate
(3) Blood Flow- high blood flow = faster absorption rate
(4) Lipid solubility - increased solubility = rapid absorption
(5) Plasma pH- enhanced with greater difference between plasma and administration site
- drug molecules have greater tendency to be ionized in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the different ways absorption can happen

A

(1) By mouth
(2) IV
(3) IM
(4) Topical
(5) Inhaled
(6) Rectal Suppositories
(7) Vaginal Suppositories
(8) Direct Injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Barriers to Absorption by mouth

A

(1) GI tract epithelium - main
(2) Capillary wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes fluctuations in absorption by mouth

A

(1) drug solubility
(2) GI tract ph.
(3) food in gut
(4) coadministration of other drugs
(5) special coatings on drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Advantages of oral route

A

(1) easy/ convenient
(2) safe
(3) potentially reversable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disadvantages of Oral route

A

(1) high variability of absorption
(2) inactivation of certain drugs
(3) patient requirements (cooperation, consciousness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the general route of by mouth

A

GI tract –> portal vein –> liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the possible outcomes of drugs when they go through the liver

A

(1) uneventful
(2) extensive hepatic metabolism
(3) enterohepatic recirculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Barriers to absorptionIV route

A

NONE
- goes directly into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the fluctuations in IV absorption

A

NONE
-instant and complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

IV advantages

A

(1) rapid, precise, permits use of large volume
(2) permits use of irritant drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

IV Disadvantages

A

(1) inconvenient
(2) irreversible
(3) Infection
(4) Embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Parenteral Routes

A

Intramuscular (IM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Barriers to Parenteral absorption

A

Only the capillary wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Parenteral Advantages for absorption
(1) administration of poorly soluble drugs (2) depot preparations --> drug is slowly absorbed
26
Disadvantagesof IM injections
(1) Inconvenient (2) Discomfort (3) Local tissue Injury (4) Nerve damage
27
Subcutaneous (SubQ)
under the skin almost identical to IM
28
Topical administration
local therapy transdermal absorption into systemic circulation
29
Inhaled Administration
local effects on lungs
30
Rectal Suppositories administration effects
local or general
31
Vaginal suppositories effects
treat local disorders
32
Direct Injections
directly in heart, joints, or nerves
33
What factors effect Distribution
(1) Blood Flow (2) Drug's ability to exit vascular system (3) Drugs ability to enter cells
34
How do drugs exit the vascular system
(1) Capillary beds (2) Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) (3) Placental Drug Transfer (4) Protein Binding
35
How do drugs exit the BBB
-lipid soluble drugs can pass through the membrane -some drugs can use transport system
36
BBB protective component
PGP
37
What is PGP
a transporter that pumps drugs out of cells back into blood - limits access to brain
38
How do drugs pass through the placenta
Lipid-soluble, non-ionized compounds pass from maternal blood to fetus. - ionized, highly polar, and protein bound are excluded
39
What is the main drug binding protein?
Albumin
40
How are drugs attached to albumin affected?
Cannot leave blood Increases drugs half-life
41
Why do drugs enter cells
Some to reach site of action. All drugs must enter for metabolism and excretion.
42
How do drugs cross the cell membrane?
(1) Either lipid-soluble (2) able to activate a transport system
43
Define Metabolism
chemical alteration of drug structure
44
Where does most drug metabolism occur
Liver
45
What enzyme is most drug liver metabolism performed by
hepatic microsomal enzyme system P450 (CYP)
46
Therapeutic Consequence of Drug Metabolism - what can happen when the liver metabolizes a drug
(1) Promotion of renal excretion of drugs (2) Drug Inactivation (3) Increased effectiveness of drug (4) Activation of prodrugs (5) Increased/ decreased toxicity
47
Most Important consequence of metabolism
promotion of renal drug excretion
48
How does the liver excrete highly lipid soluble drugs
Converts into hydrophilic drugs
49
How does liver convert lipid-soluble drugs to hydrophilic drugs?
(1) Structural change --> less lipid soluble (2) Glucuronidation= lipophilic converted to hydrophilic
50
What is a Prodrug?
a compound pharmacologically inactive when administered but is converted to active form via metabolism
51
Toxicity
Converting drugs into inactive forms
52
How does age affect Drug metabolism?
Infants- limited metabolism, liver not fully developed until 1 Older adults- decreased metabolism
53
p450 substrates
drugs that are metabolized by P450
54
P450 inducers
Drugs that cause liver to increase drug metabolism
55
P450 Inhibitor
drugs that cause liver to decrease drug metabolism
56
First Pass Effect
rapid hepatic inactivation of oral drugs - these drugs are generally administered parenterally
57
Drug Competition
if 2 drugs are metabolized by the same pathway, one or both will have their metabolic rate depressed.
58
Enterohepatic recirculation
drugs in GI tract carried through portal vein to liver. Liver excretes bile containing drug back to GI tract. Continuous this path indefinitely.
59
Excretion
Removal of drugs from body
60
How are drugs excreted from the body?
urine, sweat, saliva, breast milk, expired air
61
Most important organ for drug excretion
Kidney
62
What organ limits the duration of drug action. and why?
Kidneys They account for the excretion of most drugs
63
Steps in Renal Drug Excretion
(A) Glomerular filtration (B) Passive Reabsorption (3) Active Secretion
64
Glomerular Filtration
Moves drugs from blood to urine.
65
What is a limitation of Glomerular Filtration
Cannot remove drugs bound to albumin
66
What occurs during passive reabsorption in kidneys
PH in tubule is higher than in blood. Concentration gradient occurs. Lipophilic drugs reabsorb PASSIVELY back into blood. Non-lipid-soluble drugs remain to be excreted.
66
what happens to many lipophilic drugs during metabolism?
liver converts to hydrophilic molecules using Glucuronidation
66
How does the liver convert lipophilic drugs into hydrophilic molecules?
Glucuronidation
67
What is active tubular secretion
active transport that pump drugs from blood into tubular
68
What are the two primary pumps in active tubular secretion?
(1) for organic acids (2) for organic bases
69
What do PGP cells do in renal drug extraction? Location
located in tubular cells- Pump drugs from blood into tubular lumen
70
What plays a significant role in excretion of drugs in kidneys
PGP pumps
71
pH dependent ionization in kidneys
increases renal drug excretement by -causing passively secreted lipid-soluble drugs to be ionized and -then they cannot leave the renal tubular and is excreted.
72
Explain how Aspirin poisoning is treated
an agent is given to make urine pH basic (higher ph) Aspirin is an acid. The basic urine ionizes the aspirin Ionized aspirin molecules are excreted in urine
73
What processes are used to convert lipid- soluble drugs for excretion?
(1) Glucuronidation - lipophilic into hydrophilic (2) Kidney performs pH dependent ionization - ionization decreases passive reabsorption
74
Nonrenal excretion
Breastmilk - lipophilic drugs access to breast milk Bile - enterohepatic recirculation Lungs - volatile anesthetic are excreted
75
What determines how much drug will be available at site of action
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
76
what are ADME major determinants of
(1) Time drug response starts (2) Time drug will be MONST INTENSE (3) Time drugs action will CEASE
77
What are the sections of Time Course of Drug Responses
(1) Plasma drug levels (2) single- dose time course (3) drug half- life (4) drug levels with repeated doses
78
Time course of drug action has a direct relationship to
drug in blood
79
What are the two very important drug levels?
(1) Minimal effective concentration (2) Toxic concentration
80
What is the minimal effective concentration
the threshold of where therapeutic effects occur
81
What is toxic concentration?
level where toxic effects begin -Doses should not reach this level
82
Therapeutic Range
range between minimum effective concentration and toxic concentration.
83
What does a narrow therapeutic range indicate
drug is difficult to administer safely -narrow concentration more dangerous than wide
84
Give example of narrow therapeutic concentration and wide TC
narrow- lithium wide - acetaminophen
85
Single- dose time course
- plasma drug levels change over time
86
What is the latent period
the time between the drug is administered and the onset of effects
87
What determines the extent of the Latent period after administration of dose
determined by the rate od absorption
88
What is the duration of effect determined by
Metabolism and Excretion
89
drug half-life
time required for amount of drug in body to decrease by 50% - no matter what amount of the drug half of it will leave during a specified time
90
How does half-life determine dosing interval
Short half-life = shorter interval long half- life = longer interval
91
What is drug accumulation
when multiple doses are given and the amount in the body continues to accumulate
92
Plaeau drug levels
where the maximum amount of drug is accumulated in the body from any subsequent doses
93
Steady State
where the drug eliminated is equal to drug amount administered
94
how long for plateau to be reached if administered repeatedly at the same dose
4 half lives
95
how to reduce fluctuation in drug levels
(1) administer by continuous infusion (2) administer a depot preparation- releases drug slowly and steadily (3) reduce both dose size and dosing interval
96
Depot preparation
releases slowly over time
97
Loading doses
large initial dose given to achieve plateau in less weeks with a drug that has a long half life
98
Maintenance doses
the doses given after a loading dose to maintain plateau
99
How long does it take for MOST (94%) of a drug to be eliminated?
4 Half-Lives

HLSC 220- midterm 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions