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Parasitology > General Arthropod introduction, mosquitoes, black flies > Flashcards

General Arthropod introduction, mosquitoes, black flies Flashcards

1
Q

Define Apolysis

A

A process which the old cuticle undergoes detachment from the epidermal layer to allow for a new layer of cuticle to be formed

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2
Q

What is the importance of neurotransmitters in arthropods

A

Neurotransmitters in arthropods are Glutamate-gated chloride channels

This allows us to use macrocyclic lactones to attack and cause paralysis to them

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3
Q

What is the important Ez which is released into the hemolymph in arthropods that is important in the initiation of molting?

A

Ecdysone

Ecdysone release in hemolymph –> conversion to 20-hydroxyecdysone –> causing cells of the epidermis to proceed with initiation of molting

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4
Q

What process divides the life of the individual insect into instars as part of insect growth?

A

Ecdysis

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5
Q

What do you call the metamorphsis of Egg-Larva-Nymph-Adult where juvenile instars look and act like smaller versions of the adult

A

Hemimetabolous (incomplete metamorphosis)

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6
Q

What do you call the metamorphsis cycle of Egg-Larva-Pupa-Adult. Where juvenile instars are larvae and restructuring to adult form takes place during the pupil stage?

A

Holometabolous (complete metamorphosis

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7
Q

The amount of what hormone within a arthropods system determines the form of the new cuticle?

A

Juvenile hormone (JH)

*JH prevents metamorphosis but will not interfere with molting

However, if prolonged the larva will not be able to survive and will lead to eventual death of the arthropod

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8
Q

The _________ in the species Nematocera (long-horned flies) are ONLY ones responsible for feeding on blood?

A

Females

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9
Q
  1. Where are mosquitoes found?
  2. What is the name of the mouth part of the mosquito?
A
  1. Every habitat and climate zone
  2. The proboscis
  3. * Mouth parts within the proboscis contain a piercing stylet (the maxilla and andible contain scissors on them which causes the hole)
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10
Q

In mosquitoes what is the job of the labium?

A

To select a suitable location for the proboscis to be inserted

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11
Q

Where are all mosquitoe eggs layed?

A

In or near expected future water areas

*all larvae are aquatic

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12
Q

How many instars or molts do mosquito larva go through

A

4

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13
Q

What is mosquito larval growth dependent upon?

A
  • Temperature
  • Presence of food (bacteria, yeast, protozoa)
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14
Q
  1. The Culex sp. mosquito lays its eggs where?
  2. Aedes sp. and ochlerotatus sp.?
  3. Anopheles?
A
  1. Eggs laid in rafts on the water
  2. Eggs laid in small depressions on dry ground suspected of accumulating water
  3. Eggs laid individually, bubble of air trapped by the frill keeps the egg floating
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15
Q

Label the subfamilys of the given larval eggs in the photo

A
  1. Anopheles
  2. Adedes
  3. Culex
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16
Q

Each mosquito species has a preference for what three items

A
  • Feeing times
  • Blood source
  • Water specifications for breeding and egg laying
17
Q

Define what a bridge vector is

A

the concept of a new vector (new mosquito) or the current vectors behavior changes (from a lack of food, etc.) and it feeding off a host it usually does not feed from.

*This causes disease transfer

18
Q

T or F

Some mosquitos sp. or individuals are better at transmitting a particular pathogen than others

A

True

Mosquitos availability as a vector is dependent on a large number of factors such as: climate, geography, species, even things such as health status and age of individuals

19
Q

List five possible diseases mosquitos can be a vector for

A
  • Dirofilaria immitis
  • Wucheereria bancrofti
  • Plasmodium
  • West Nile Virus
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus
  • Western Equine Encephalitis virus
20
Q

In Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) what mosquito keeps the disease in cycle, what species is the dz maintained in, and what is the bridge vector

A
  • Culiseta mosquito keeps it in cycle
  • Virus is maintained in birds
  • Bridge vector is Culex sp. and Aedes sp.
21
Q

In Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) what mosquito keeps the disease in cycle, what species is the dz maintained in, and what is the bridge vector

A
  • Unknown
  • Birds are the species it is maintained in
  • Culex sp. mosquito is the bridge vector
22
Q

In West Nile Virus (WNV) what mosquito keeps the disease in cycle, what species is the dz maintained in, and what is the bridge vector

A
  • Culex sp. mosquito
  • Migratory birds maintain WNV
  • Culex sp. mosquito is also the bridge vector
23
Q

What does one use to control mosquito populations?

A

Spraying adulticide

Spraying repellents and mechanical protection

Use of environmental controls: draining or filling breeding grounds

24
Q

T or F

Insecticide resistance in mosquitos is becoming a growing problem

A

True

Elevated esterases via gene amplification is being selected for –> resistance to organophosphates

25
Q
  1. North American mosquitos are perfectly capable of transmitting what major diseases?
  2. Why havent they however?
A
  1. Malaria, dengue, and yellow fever
  2. The standard of living in the US has resulted in decrease exposure
26
Q
  1. Where are black flies, buffalow gnats found?
  2. What is the major unique factor of these flies
A
  1. Found worldwide
  2. They must breed in highly oxygenated water

*Remember b/c black flies, buffalo gnats are part of the nematocera family ONLY the females feed on blood

27
Q

Describe other morphological and general features of black flies, buffalo gnats

A
  • Vicious biters
  • Strong fliers
  • Have a characteristic humped thorax
  • Eggs are laid near water
28
Q

What is the life cycle of black flies, buffalo gnats

A

larva hatch and cling to stones (at bottom of the stream)–> pupate –> when adult is ready to emerge the pupa will fill with gas and float bobs to the surface in the buble of gas –> they will float on surface to catch their breathe then readily fly away

29
Q

What is significant disease which we worry about when talking about black flies, buffalo gnats

A

We are worried about heavy swarming leading to allergic responses to the bite and anaphylaxis

30
Q

What diseases are black flies, buffalo gnats a vector for?

A
  • Onchocerca*
  • River blindness
  • Onchocerca gutterosa* (in cattle)

Viruses - Vesicular stomatitis virus

Leucocytozoon

31
Q
A

Parasitology (3 decks)

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