General Biology

Question 1

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 1

Keratin = Vimentin

Desmin = Lamin

Question 2

Negative Sense Strand

Answer 2

RNA replicase must synthesize a complimentary strand, which can then be translated.

Question 3

Retrovirus

Answer 3

Single stranded RNA. Reverse transcriptase needed to make DNA.

Question 4

Mitosis Ploidy

Answer 4

2n through the entire process.

Question 5

Meiosis Ploidy

Answer 5

2n through Meiosis I and Meiosis II. The end result is four cells with n.

Question 6

Morula

Answer 6

Early mass of cells.

Question 7

Blastula

Answer 7

Implants in endometrial lining

Fluid filled blastocoel

Trophoblast → Chorion / placenta

Inner Cell Mass → Organism

Question 8

Formen Ovule

Answer 8

R atrium → L atrium

Question 9

Ductus Arteriousus

Answer 9

Pulmonary artery → Aorta

Question 10

Astrocytes

Answer 10

Blood-brain barrier. Controls solutes moving from bloodstream → nervous tissue.

Question 11

Ependymal Cells

Answer 11

The barrier between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid of the CNS.

Question 12

Microglia

Answer 12

Digest waste in CNS.

Question 13

Schwann Cells

Answer 13

PNS, makes myelin.

Question 14

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 14

Increase CO2 –> Hypercarbia/hypercapria ↑respiration (exchanging gases)

Decrease O2 –> Hypoxemia ↑ventilation (air in/out)

Question 15

Blood Pressure

Answer 15

Systole / Diastole

Question 16

Cardiac Output Equation

Answer 16

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume. CO = HR X SV

Question 17

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 17

CNS, makes myelin.

Question 18

Intrinsic Factor

Answer 18

Assists in Vitamin B12 absorption.

Question 19

Chief Cells

Answer 19

Secrete pepsinogen.

Question 20

Parietal Cells

Answer 20

Secrete HCl and Intrinsic factor.

Question 21

Leptin & Cholecystokinin

Answer 21

Increase satiety.

Question 22

Cholecystokinin

Answer 22

Stimulates bile release from gallbladder
Release of pancreatic juices
Satiety

Question 23

Gut Bacteria

Answer 23

Produce vitamin K and biotin (vitamin B7).

Question 24

Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle

Answer 24

Permeable to H2O but NOT salt; therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate.

Question 25

Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle

Answer 25

Permeable to salt but NOT to H2O; therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively. The diluting segment is in the outer medulla; because salt is actively reabsorbed in this site, the filtrate becomes hypotonic compared to the blood.

Question 26

Stratum Corneum

Answer 26

Multiple thin layers, flat keratinocytes.

Question 27

Stratum Luciderm

Answer 27

Only on thick, hairless skin.

Question 28

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 28

Keratinocytes die.

Question 29

Stratum Spinosum

Answer 29

Langerhans cells

Question 29

Stratum Basale

Answer 29

Stem cells → keratinocytes

Question 30

Langerhans Cells

Answer 30

Macrophages that are antigen-presenting cells in skin

Question 31

Red Fibers

Answer 31

Slow twitch. Support (dark meat). Carry out oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 32

White Fibers

Answer 32

Fast-twitch. Active (white meat). Anaerobic metabolism.

Question 33

Bone Matrix

Answer 33

Osteons are the chief structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric bone layers called lamellae, which surround a long hollow passageway, the Haversian canal. Between rings are lacunae, where osteocytes reside, which are connected with cancaliculi.

Question 34

Lamellae

Answer 34

Concentric bone layers

Question 35

Haversian Canel

Answer 35

Long hollow passageway in the bone

Question 36

Chondrocytes

Answer 36

Secrete chondrin which is the matrix of cartilage.

Question 37

Parasympathetic Neuron Sequence

Answer 37

Closer to the target organ. First synapse is acetylcholine. Second synapse is acetylcholine or nitric acid.

Question 38

Sympathetic Neuron Sequence

Answer 38

Closer to Spinal Cord. First synapse is acetylcholine. Second synapse is norepinephrine.

Question 39

How does myosin relax after contraction?

Answer 39

ATP binds the myosin head, releasing it from actin.

Question 40

Law of Segregation

Answer 40

An organism has two alleles for each gene, which segregate during Anaphase I. Because of this, gametes carry only one allele for a trait.

Question 41

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 41

The inheritance of one allele does not influence the probability of inheriting a given allele for a different trait (except for linked genes).

Question 42

Stop Codons

Answer 42

UAA, UGA, UAG U Are Annoying, U Go Away, U Are Gone

Question 43

Membranes that interact with the environment produce what?

Answer 43

Mucus 1. Reproductive Tract 2. Respiratory Tract 3. Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 44

N-Acyl Amino Acid

Answer 44