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NEUR232 Neuroanatomy > General Brain Structure [through development] > Flashcards

General Brain Structure [through development] Flashcards

1
Q

4 brain components common across all mammals

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. cerebellum
  4. brainstem
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2
Q

Fill in the missing labels

A
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3
Q

What is rostral & caudal

A

Rostral - towards nose
Caudal - towards tail
(based on midsaggital plane of rat brain)

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4
Q

Identify the plane

A

Coronal

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5
Q

Identify the plane

A

Horizontal

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6
Q

Identify the plane

A

Sagittal

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7
Q

What is ventral view?

A

From the bottom

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8
Q

What is dorsal view?

A

From the top

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9
Q

What is another name for Midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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10
Q

name the regions of the brain stem

A
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11
Q

what is the general function of the areas of the brainsteM & diencephalon

A
  • Diencephalon:
    Thalamus - relay & process sensory information
    Hypothalamus - control emotion, autonomic function, hormone production
  • Mesencephalon - process visual & auditory data, reflexive somatic responses, maintaining consciousness
  • Pons - relays sensory information to cerebellum & thalamus
  • medulla oblongata - regulation of visceral functions, relays sensory info to rest of brainstem & thalamus
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12
Q

What is the general function of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory & motor conduit
* incoming sensory through dorsal root
* outgoing motor through ventral root

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13
Q

What is the PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system - anything outside the brain & spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the Somatic PNS?

A
  • immervates skin, joints, muscles (involved in conscious activities)
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15
Q

What is the Somatic PNS?

A
  • immervates skin, joints, muscles (involved in conscious activities)
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16
Q

What is dorsal root ganglia?

A

clusters of sensory neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord

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17
Q

What is the visceral PNS?

A

Innervates the internal organs, blood vessels, glands (part of autonomic NS)

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17
Q

What is the visceral PNS?

A

Innervates the internal organs, blood vessels, glands (part of autonomic NS)

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18
Q

What is afferent vs efferent

A
  • Afferent = towards brain
  • Efferent = away from brain
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18
Q

What is afferent vs efferent

A
  • Afferent = towards brain
  • Efferent = away from brain
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19
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A
  1. Dura Mater - tough outer later
  2. Arachnoid Mater - “the spider web”
  3. Pia Mater - inner layer
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20
Q

Identify the meninges & spaces

A
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21
Q

What is notable about the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF flows through here & where it gets absorbed

22
Q

What is CSF & its function

A

Cerebrospinal fluid
* highly filtered blood plasma (no proteins)
* provides mechanical support to the brain & gives chemical protection

23
Q

What is choroid plexus?

A

tissue in ventricles that secretes CSF

24
Q

What do the ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm of an embryonic disc give rise to?

A
  • Ectoderm - nervous sytem & skin
  • Mesoderm - musculoskeletal system
  • Endoderm - viscera
25
Q

Name the parts of the embryonic disc

A
26
Q

How does the neural tube develop?

A

Neural plate
↓
Neural groove
↓
Neural tube

27
Q

What do the neural tube & neural crests develop into?

A
  • Neural tube - CNS
  • Neural crest - PNS
28
Q

Identify these structures

A
29
Q

Identify the 3 primary vesicles from which the entire brain develops

A
30
Q

Identify differentiated areas of prosencephalon during neurodevelopment

A
31
Q

What are the 4 ways the telecephalon develops into 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A
  1. Telencephalon grows posteriorly to overlie the diencephalon
  2. olfactory bulbs form
  3. cells of telencephalon walls divide and form various structures
  4. White matter systems develop (axons to and from diencephalon)
32
Q

What are the 3 main white matter tracts that develop from the telecephalon?

A
  1. cortical white matter - association tracts, communication within 1 hemisphere
  2. Corpus callosum - commisural tracts, communication between the hemispheres
  3. Internal capsule - projection tracts, communication out of the cortex (into thalamus/spinal cord)
33
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

initiation of voluntary movement

34
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

visceral autonomic function, interfaces with endocrine system via pituitary gland

35
Q

What is the general function of the thalamus?

A

Gateway to the cerebral cortex - relay station for vision, hearing & somatic sensation.

36
Q

What is the corticospinal tract & it’s function

A

Cortical neurons axons, through the internal capsule to the brainstem & spinal cord to control voluntary movement

37
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct & what is it a landmark for?

A

Connected the 3rd and 4th ventricles. It is a landmark for the midbrain

38
Q

What are the tectum & tegmentum?

A

Tectum - tissue “roof” of cerebral aqueduct.
Tegmentum - tissue “floor” of cerebral aqueduct

collectively form the midbrain

39
Q

What structures comprise the tectum & their functions?

A
  • Superior colliculus - visual sensory input (controls reflex eye movement)
  • Inferior colliculus - auditory sensory input
40
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

involved in sensory systems, motor control & other systems.
Axons pass through from cortex to brainstem/spinal cord

41
Q

What structures comprise the tegmentum?

A
  • substantia nigra & red nucleus - both motor centres
  • modulatory neurotransmitter systems (consciousness, mood,
41
Q

What structures comprise the tegmentum?

A
  • substantia nigra & red nucleus - both motor centres
  • modulatory neurotransmitter systems (consciousness, mood, pleasure, pain) - part of reticular formation
42
Q

What is another name for the superior & inferior colliculi?

A

corpora quadrigemina

43
Q

What structures does the rhombencephalon develop into?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
44
Q

What is pyramidal decussation?

A

motor information crossing the midline at the medullary pyramids

45
Q

What is the 4th ventricle the landmark for?

A

The hindbrain (pons/cerebellum)

46
Q

What structure does the caudal end of the neural tube develop into?

A

spinal cord

47
Q

Identify the human brain ventricles

A
48
Q

What makes human CNS unique?

A
  • enormous cerebral cortex
  • well developed temporal lobe - auditory processing
49
Q

Identify the lobes of human cerebrum

A
50
Q

What are common features of cerebral cortex in vertebrates?

A
  • cell bodies in layers
  • Surface later separated from pia mater
  • apical dendrites form branches
51
Q

What are the 3 types of cortex in all mammalian brains?

A
  1. hippocampus (archicortex - single layer)
  2. olfactory cortex (3 to 5 cell layers)
  3. neocortex (ie classic 6 layered)
52
Q

What is the concept behind this diagram?

A

Map showing Brodmann’s areas - 52 distinct areas, identified histologically to have unique cytoarchitecture.

53
Q

What is a connectome?

A

A detailed wiring diagram of connection

NEUR232 Neuroanatomy (13 decks)

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