general concept - research methods

Question 1

is an organized, dynamic, and creative scientific activity.

Answer 1

research

Question 2

is necessary to generate new knowledge in the field of basic science and technologies and directed solely by the intellectual curiosity of the researcher, without potential practical application.

Answer 2

basic research

Question 3

directs towards solving practical problems with functional applications, for betterment of human beings in every field, with optimal use of available resources.

Answer 3

applied research

Question 4

that the findings from the applied research pose question for the basic research.

Answer 4

interrelated

Question 5

to any information that can be quantified — that is, numbers.

Answer 5

quantitative

Question 6

is descriptive, expressed in terms of language rather than numerical values.

Answer 6

qualitative data

Question 7

Participants are randomly assigned to either the control group or an experimental group.

Answer 7

Randomized controlled trial (RCT)

Question 8

A study involving non-randomized groups (i.e.,
experimental, comparison/control), which helps determine the effects of the intervention.

Answer 8

Controlled trial

Question 9

This type of experimental design allows researchers to closely examine specific changes in each participant.

Answer 9

Single-subject designs

Question 10

this type of experimental design allows researchers to closely examine specific changes in each participant.

Answer 10

single-case experimental designs

Question 11

This is a study in which participants first receive one type of treatment and then researchers switch them to a different type of treatment.

Answer 11

Cross-over trial

Question 12

is an observational design study, possibly including a control group, in which researchers follow participants over time to determine the factors leading to different outcomes.

Answer 12

cohort

Question 13

A description of uncontrolled, non-experimental events and outcomes for a series of similar cases who receive the same intervention or have the same outcome.

Answer 13

Case series

Question 14

A case study is an uncontrolled, observational study of events and outcomes in a single case.

Answer 14

Case study

Question 15

This is a study of a single sample at one point in time to understand the relationships among variables in the sample.

Answer 15

Cross-sectional

Question 16

This retrospective, observational study identifies an outcome of interest and compares a sample of people with that outcome (case) and a sample of people without that outcome (control).

Answer 16

Case–control

Question 17

combines the findings from primary research studies and provides conclusions about that body of evidence.

Answer 17

secondary research

Question 18

combines the findings from primary research studies and provides conclusions about that body of evidence.

Answer 18

synthesized research

Question 19

use systematic methods to search for and compile a body of evidence to answer a research or clinical question about the efficacy/effectiveness of an assessment or treatment approach.

Answer 19

Systematic reviews

Question 20

use systematic and statistical methods to answer a research or clinical question about a specific assessment or treatment approach.

Answer 20

Meta-analyses

Question 21

are systematically developed statements created by a group of subject matter experts to provide a comprehensive overview of a disorder, detail the benefits and harms of specific assessment and treatment approaches, and optimize delivery of services.

Answer 21

Clinical practice guidelines

Question 22

A systematic review of the evidence informs the
group of experts and their recommendations.

Answer 22

Evidence-based recommendations

Question 23

These recommendations are based on a summary of
expert opinions.

Answer 23

Consensus-based recommendations

Question 24

are empirically developed evaluation tools with established statistical reliability and validity.

Answer 24

Standardized assessments

Question 25

are standardized tests designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another.

Answer 25

Norm-referenced tests

Question 26

are standardized tests that measure an individual’s performance against a set of predetermined criteria or performance standards (e.g., descriptions of what an individual is expected to know or be able to do at a specific stage of development or level of education).

Answer 26

Criterion-referenced tests

Question 27

is one that does not rely on a standardized test, often because the student being evaluated does not fit the normative sample for the test.

Answer 27

A nonstandard assessment

Question 28

focuses on describing the visible characteristics of a dataset (a population or sample).

Answer 28

Descriptive statistics

Question 29

focus on making predictions or generalizations about a larger dataset, based on a sample of those data.

Answer 29

Inferential statistics