general defenses Flashcards
(8 cards)
duress by threats defenition
duress is where the defendant commits a nominated crime due to the threat of serious violence to themselves or someone close to them
9 factors of duress by threat with cases
1) defenition
2) never defense for murder/attempted (r v howe)
3) r v hasan sets out 6 part test
4) threat (r v valderamma vega)
5) aimed
6) graham test (r v graham)
- reasonable belif
- sober person same charecteristics
7) nominated crime (r v cole)
8) evasive action (r v gill)
9) laid self open (r v shepard)
4 factors of duress by circumstance
1) circumstance dictates (r v willer)
2) create threat of death or serious injury (r v conway)
3) graham test
4) cant be defense for murder/attempted (r v pommel)
4 factors of duress by necessity
1) force person to act to prevent greater evil (r v dudley v stepherns)
2) used in civil cases is problematic (RP F)
3) may be available for muder (RE A)
4) test:
- prevent greater evil
- evil aimed at
- reasonable and proportiante to avoid
(r v shayler)
what is the defeniton of self defense
complete defense where someone may have to defend themselves or someone else
8 factors of self defense with cases
1) defenition
2) necessary
3) mistaken beleif (r v william)
-cant be intoxicated
-honest held veiw
-can strike first
4) can strike first (r v beckford)
5) dont have to show unwillingness (r v bird)
6) proporitnate and reasonable (r v hussain)
7) excessove force (r v clegg)
8) householders up to grossly disporportinate (r v collins)
defenition of consent
there will be no unlawful force where a person gives consent
7 factors of consent with cases
1) defenition
2) cases of implied consent (ag 6)
3) saidomasichism or public fighting (r v brown)
4) sports (r v barnes)
-intentional
-off ball
-celebration
-play not in rules
5) medical procedures
6) mistaken beleif (r v atkin)
7) real, fraud fear deception (r v dica)
