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ENT - C.U > General facts > Flashcards

General facts Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Two causes of deafness

A

Conductive and sensorineural

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2
Q

5 causes of conductive deafness

A 
wax 
acute otitis media 
otitis media externa 
otosclerosis 
perforated ear drum
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3
Q

4 causes of sensorineural deafness

A

presbycusis
noise induced
congenital
vestibular schwannoma

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4
Q

Presbycusis =

A

deterioration in hearing as patients age

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5
Q

main cause of presbycusis

A

loss of sensitivity of delicate hair cells in the cochlea

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6
Q

otosclerosis =

A

abnormal bone formed around stapes foot plate

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7
Q

otosclerosis causes what type of deafness

A

conductive

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8
Q

treatment of otosclerosis

A

stapedectomy

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9
Q

how far away must you stand to perform the whisper test

A

1m

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10
Q

What does Rinne’s test check?

A

Checks air compared to bone conduction

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11
Q

AC>BC =

A

middle and outer ear functioning normally

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12
Q

BC > AC

A

conductive deafness

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13
Q

In webers test the noise lateralised towards ….

A

the ear with conductive hearing loss

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14
Q

In webers test the noise lateralises away …..

A

from the ear with sensorineural deafness

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15
Q

In a dead ear the result is …. .

A

false -ve

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16
Q

Tympanometry tests

A

the compliance of middle ear structures

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17
Q

why might bone anchored hearing aids be used? (2)

A

chronic infection or shape of the ear canal

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18
Q

Croup =

A

acute laryngotracheobronchitis

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19
Q

main treatment of croup =

A

dexamethasone single dose
Nebulised ventolin
Paracetamol

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20
Q

Usual cause of acute epiglottitis

A

Haemophilus influenzae (B)

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21
Q

What musn’t you do in children with acute epiglottitis?

A

persist in examining the child’s throat

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22
Q

Treatment of epiglottitis

A

Admit and give IV amoxycillin

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23
Q

Quinsy =

A

peritonsillar abscess

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24
Q

Quinsy presentation (4)

A

Acute tonsilitis
+ spike temp
+ severe dysphagia
+ referred otalgia

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25
What is found on examination w/ quinsy?
Trismus Buccal mucosa is furred Foetor (strong foul breath)
26
Treatment of a quinsy
IV AB and drainage of the abscess
27
Drugs causing ototoxicity (4)
Aminoglycosides e.g. streptomycin Cisplatin (chemo) Furosemide Quinine
28
5 key questions in a nose history
``` Nasal obstruction Ant. rhinorrhea Hyposmia Epistaxis Facial pain ```
29
5 key questions in an ear history
``` Otalgia Otorrhea Hearing loss Tinnitus Dizziness ```
30
5 key questions in a throat history
``` Dysphagia Sore throat Odynophagia Dysphonia Regurgitation ```
31
Pathogenesis of rhinits
Type 1 allergic reaction - release of inflammatory mediators
32
Test in rhinitis
Radioallergosorbent test - detects allergis
33
Treatment of rhinitis
Antihistamine and nasal steroid spray (takes 6m to take effect)
34
Feature of long standing rhinitis
nasal polyps
35
Treatment if non resolving small nasal polyps in rhinitis
Prednisolone
36
Treatment if nasal polyps are large
Nasal polypectomy
37
synechiae =
adhesions in the nasal cavity
38
epiphora =
damage to nasal lacrimal duct
39
Specific important risk factor questions for neck lump (5)
``` smoking + alcohol Recent foreign travel HIV status Dental problems TB contact ```
40
red flags for neck lump (6)
``` dysphagia hoarseness odynophagia weight loss fevers night sweats ```
41
Neck lump investigation
USS neck CT neck and chest FNAC
42
Ototrrhoea =
ear discahrge
43
otitis externa =
diffuse inflammation of the skin lining the outer ear canal
44
risk factors for OE (4)
narrow external canal trauma eczema / psoriasis swimming
45
common organisms for OE (4)
staph pyogenes staph aureus candida albicans e.coli
46
4 symptoms for OE
irritation dischrage pain (tismus) mild deafness
47
examinations signs for OE (3)
meatal tenderness moist debris smelly + keratotic red desquamated skin
48
What can OE lead to if not managed
OM with discharging perforation
49
What can OE lead to in the immunosuppressed
osteomyelitis of skull base
50
When to suspect osteomyelitis of skull base
Immunocompromised and OE symptoms not settled in two weeks
51
Treatment of Osteomyelitis
Topical and IV AB for 6 weeks
52
4 symptoms of a perforated ear drum
pain (transient) conductive deafness tinnitus vertigo
53
3 causes of perforated eardrum
trauma iatrogenic (grommet surgery) recurrent infections
54
acute OM lasts for
1-5 days
55
what does chronic OM imply
eardrum is perforated | failed to heal and ongoing infection
56
cholesteatoma is an accumulation of?
squamous epithelium in the middle ear
57
two symptoms of acute OM
earchache and conductive deafness
58
2 causes of acute OM
Strep pneumonia | H. influenzae
59
Treatment of OM
analgesics (usually self limiting)
60
Two types of chronic otitis media
1) mucosal disease 2) bony a) osteitis b) cholesteatoma
61
Treatment for chronic OM
- topical ciprofloxacin - water precautions - regular aural toilet
62
myringoplasty =
repaire of the tympanic membrane perforation
63
where is the perforation usually in cholesteatoma
pars flaccida
64
treatment of cholesteatoma
mastoidectomy
65
key points in PMH for epistaxis
HTN Chronic granulomatous disease bleeding disorders rhinitis
66
littles area is where which 3 arteries join?
ant. ethmoid sphenopalatine greater palatine
67
Key epistaxis Q. (5)
``` frequency and duration which side down nose / back of throat what have they done? previous history / treatment ```
68
what is used to cauterise in epistaxis
silver nitrate
69
to avoid epistaxis recurrence (4)
for 2 weeks - avoid hot drinks - avoid hot baths / showers - avoid nose picking - avoid hot and spicy food
70
CENTOR CRITERIA
``` The criteria are: Tonsillar exudate Tender anterior lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis History of fever Absence of cough ```
71
In which part of the neck does a pharyngeal pouch present?
posteriomedial
72
In which part of the neck does a cyctic hygroma present?
posterior
73
In which part of the neck does a thyroglossal cyst present?
midline anterior
74
In which part of the neck does a carotid body tumour present?
anterior
75
In which part of the neck does a branchial cyst present?
anterolateral
76
most common cause of a swelling in the neck
reactive lymphadenopathy
77
lymphoma systemic symptoms
night sweats and splenomegaly
78
pharyngeal pouch presentation
posteromedial outpouch, gurgles on palpation dysphagia regurg aspiration chronic cough

ENT - C.U (2 decks)

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