General Knowledge/Rules Flashcards
What are the IFR cruising levels?
West = Even 1000’s
East = Odd 1000’s
When aerodrome lighting is required and PAL is not available, what is the requirement for lighting to be available?
Departure: 10 mins before until 30 mins after
Arrival: 30 mins before until end of taxi
What is the min validity for a TAF at the arrival/alternate aerodrome
No less than 30 min before and 60 mins after planned ETA
What is the IFR fuel requirements and how are they calculated?
+10% for each leg not including taxi fuel
When departing an aerdrome, what are the requirements for tracking?
Must be established within 5NM
Unless departing via the SID
What sources of QNH are considered accurate and how long are they valid for?
- ATC given
- ATIS
- AWIS
- CA/GRS
- WATIR
- AAIS
Valid for 15 mins
When should the accuracy of the altimeter be checked?
At “some point” prior to take off
What determines a positive fix?
- Passage over a NDB, VPR/TACAN, marker beacons or DME
- Intersection of two or more radials that are not greater than 45º separated
What is required to be established reference a ground aid?
LOC/VOR/TACAN/RNP = Half scale deflection as shown
ND = +/- 5º
DME = +/- 2NM from ARC
When must PAL be activated for landing/departure?
Departure: Before taxi
Approach: Within 15NM of the AD
You are told to climb/descend, how long do you have to initiate and what RoC/RoD is required
- 1 minute
- Min 500ft/min
Explain IFR separation for other aircraft in each class of airspace:
Class C: ATC seperate from IFR and VFR
Class D: ATC seperate from IFR and SVFR only
Class G: Pilots receive FIS but no separation, that is the pilots responsibility
What is the tolerance for altimeters to be accurate within for IFR flight?
60ft
Below what OAT does a correction need to be made to all procedure altitudes? (MDA/LSALT/IAF etc.)
-15ºC
What/when are standard altimetry requirements across aircraft types?
- Leaving a cruising altitude (e.g. leaving 7000, descending 5000)
- 200ft prior to a cleared altitude
- 200ft prior to MDA/DA
- Passing every 1000ft and announcing OAT during climb (e.g. passing 4000, OAT is 12ºC)
- Announcing QNH changes
For IFR “whiskey” routes, how is their LSALT calculated and what does that mean for you?
Calculated using GPS nav accuracy, if using a ground based nav aid/GPS fail/GPS loss these LSALTs cannot be used
Explain how a 25NM MSA is calculated/what terrain clearance is provided?
- 25NM MSA considers terrain/obstacles out to 30NM however can only be applied within 25NM
- Provides 1000ft terrain/obstacle separation
What is the difference between an MSA and an LSALT?
MSA = 1000ft from highest obstacle
LSALT = 1000ft from terrain + 360ft for potential unknown towers
What is the obstacle clearance and circling area dimensions for class A, B, C and D aircraft?
A - 1.68 (300ft)
B - 2.66 (300ft)
C - 4.20 (400ft)
D - 5.23 (400ft)
What are the missed approach criteria?
- Outside half scale deflection (During the final segment of an instrument approach the aircraft is outside nav tolerances)
- Radio failure/suspect failure below MSA (On approach when below MSA, the perf of the radio become suspect)
- Not visual at or before the MAPt/DA (Visual reference is not established)
- Not aligned and unable to circle (A landing cannot be effected from the runway approach, unless a circling approach can be conducted with Wx conditions allowing the circling approach)
- Visual reference is lost while circling
What does visual reference mean regarding the missed approach?
Visual reference means the runway threshold, lights or other identifiable features of the landing runway
What is the take off minima?
Cloud: Clear until Vy
Vis: 550m (w/ RWY edge lighting at intervals less than 60m and centre line markings with a secondary power supply that switches over automatically)
If not, 800m vis is required
Explain the process for a sector 1 entry into the hold?
Sect 1 = Big (Parallel)
Overfly the fix, track outbound for 1 minute, start a rate 1 turn towards the hold
Explain the process for a sector 2 entry into the hold?
2 = small
Overhead the aid, turn onto a HDG 30º less than that of the “outbound legs inbound radial” start a timer for 1 minute, after 1 minute start a turn towards the inbound leg intercepting the outbound leg on the correct radial
Explain the process for a sector 3 entry into the hold?
Sector 3 = biggest of them all
If a full 180° turn (or greater) is required to take up the outbound heading, then commence turning immediately upon arriving overhead the fix.
If, however, the turn to the outbound leg is less than 180°, then maintain heading until a positive back bearing is indicated and then commence a rate one turn.
What circumstances allow pilots to skip the sector entry and hold and just turn directly inbound once overhead the fix?
Under what conditions may a pilot descent below the circling MDA
A: The aircraft is within the circling area; and
B: Maintains vis not less than the minimum specified on the chart; and
C: Maintains visual contact with the “landing runway environment”; and
D.1: By night OR day, when on the downwind, base or final legs able to make a continuous descent to the RWY, maintaining obstacle clearance until aligned with the RWY, using rates of descent and manoeuvres normal for the aircraft type
OR
D.2: In daylight only visual contact with obstacles along the flight path is maintained with obstacle clearance above the minimum until aligned with the runway
In the hold, do you fly a heading or a track?
You fly a track
You are IMC and suspect radio failure, what are your actions?
- Squawk 7600 and continue transmitting
- Continue IAW last clearance
