General Memory Info

Question 1

The limbic system is made up of what?

Answer 1

several areas including the cortical and subcortical regions

Question 2

What is included in the cortical regions?

Answer 2

prefrontal, cingulate, insula & parahippocampal gyrus

Question 3

What is included in the subcortical regions?

Answer 3

hippocampus, amygdala & ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens

Question 4

What does the limbic system + other CNS structures provide the basis of?

Answer 4

memory, motivation & emotions

Question 5

What area is for planning?

Answer 5

frontal & cingulate cortex

Question 6

What area is for cognition?

Answer 6

cerebral cortex

Question 7

What area is for stress?

Answer 7

HPA axis, hippocampus & amygdala

Question 8

What area is for fear?

Answer 8

amygdala

Question 9

What area is for memory?

Answer 9

hippocampus & enterorhinal cortex

Question 10

What is the reticular formation made up of? And where do they project to and what are they for?

Answer 10

several nuclei in the medulla, pons & midbrain.

project to wide areas of the thalamus & cortex for altering and wakefulness

Question 11

Sensory input enters where?

Answer 11

raphe & lateral nuclei

Question 12

Medical nuclei project to what and to do what?

Answer 12

brain & spinal cord for general modulation

Question 13

What is the anatomical view of the reticular formation?

Answer 13

reticular neurons have long axons that modulate wide areas of the brain

Question 14

What is the physiological view of the reticular formation?

Answer 14

ascending retiruclar activating system is for alerting & wakefulness

Question 15

Where does NE project from and to? What is it for?

Answer 15

projects from locus ceruleus (in pons) to cortex.

for attentional selectivity under stress.

Question 16

Where does Dopamine project from and to? What is it for?

Answer 16

projects from ventral tegmentum (midbrain) to prefrontal cortex & basal ganglia.
PFC projection promotes motivationally based behavior.

Question 17

In relation to NE, single locus coeruleus neurons can project to where?

Answer 17

across wide areas of the cortex, brain stem, spinal cord & cerebellum

Question 18

Serotonin projects from where and to where? What is it for?

Answer 18

from raphe nucleus (in medulla) & projects to extensive cortical areas.
for mood & sleep-wake cycles.

Question 19

Acetyl choline is from where and projects to where? What is it good for?

Answer 19

from septum, nucleus basalis & diagonal band of Broca and projects to thalamus & extensive cortical areas.
facilitates hippocampal & other cortical regions in memory & cognition.

Question 20

What are the three parts of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 20

lateral prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
ventromedial cortex

Question 21

What is the lateral prefrontal cortex for?

Answer 21

working memory
executive control functions (formulating, refining & maintaining goals to regulate behavior & to solve problems)
determines course of behavior based on various alternatives

Question 22

What is the orbitofrontal cortex for?

Answer 22

reward, motivation, emotional decision making
reversal of stimulus-response learning
inhibitis inappropriate action; defer immediate reward in favor of long-term advantage

Question 23

What does the ventromedial cortex connect with? What is it for?

Answer 23

connections w/hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens & hypothalamus.
generates & regulates emotional responses, declarative memory & habits

Question 24

What are the two parts of the ventromedial cortex?

Answer 24

medial PFC

anterior cingulate

Question 25

What is the medial PFC for?

Answer 25

incorporates emotional biasing into decision making processes emotions experienced & meanings bestowed on our perceptions extinction of fear conditioning

Question 26

What is the anterior cingulate for?

Answer 26

choosing among complex actions | more behaviorally based than medial PFC

Question 27

In terms of the PFC what do the ventral/medial regions do? What do the dorsal/lateral regions do?

Answer 27

ventral/medial: regulate emotion | dorsal/lateral: regulate though & action

Question 28

The PFC provides what kind of control over what?

Answer 28

top-down control over attention, emotion & behavior

Question 29

The PFC has what kind of connections to reticular nuclei and what does this mean for the PFC?

Answer 29

has direct and indirect connections to reticular nuclei which means it can regulate its own catecholamine inputs: NE via locus coeruleus; dopamine via substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area

Question 30

How many layers does the amygdala have?

Answer 30

three layer cortex (archicortex)

Question 31

Where is the hippocampus located?

Answer 31

near surface of medial temporal lobe & bulges into lateral ventricle

Question 32

Hippocampal efferents project where? What happens with processed information here?

Answer 32

reversely through enterorhinal & parahippocampal cortex. | it is condolidated as memory into wide areas of cortex: prefrontal, temporal & parietal

Question 33

The hippocampus & medial temporal lobe are associated with what kind of memory?

Answer 33

declarative memory

Question 34

The amygdala is associated with with what kind of memory?

Answer 34

emotional type of procedural memory

Question 35

The prefrontal cortex is associated with what kind of memory?

Answer 35

working memory

Question 36

What is declarative (explicit) memory?

Answer 36

episodic & semantic memory

Question 37

What is episodic memory?

Answer 37

memory for specific autobiographical episodes or events; of experience & spatial & temporal context of event

Question 38

What does the hippocampus do with episodic memories?

Answer 38

it endoces & consolidates them and then projects them all over the cortex: medial prefrontal, parahippocampal, entorhinal, perirhinal, lateral temporal & parietal sensory association cortices

Question 39

What is semantic memory? Where is it consolidated?

Answer 39

consolidated primarily in the anterior temporal lobe & lateral prefrontal cortex. non-contextual content of experience of knowledge about the world. formation & long term representation of concepts, categories, facts, word meanings, knowledge about ourselves. noetic consciousness

Question 40

What two systems consolidate memory and manage different aspects of declarative memory?

Answer 40

anterior temporal system (peirhinal cortex, temporopolar cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex & amygdala) posterior medial system (parahippocampal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate, precuneus & angular gyrus)

Question 41

What do the AT & PM systems extract?

Answer 41

essential information during experience of an event

Question 42

What does the AT system relate?

Answer 42

representations of specific entities to existing semantic concepts

Question 43

What does the PM system do with this info?

Answer 43

matches incoming cues about current context to interactions among entities & environment during novel experience

Question 44

What does the retrosplenial area of the cingulate gyrus do?

Answer 44

coordinates several regions for precise recall of various aspects of episodic memory