General Organisation Flashcards
Study the osteology and radiology of the skull (cranial and facial skeleton) and the cervical spine
Cranium - superior
Mandible - inferior
22 discrete bones joined by sutures - serrated edges firmly interlock
Cranium - calvaria (n=8) houses the brain
Facial bones (n=14) forms unique features
Describe features of the different bones of the skull
Frontal - forms anterior part, roof of orbit
Parietal - forms side and roof, grooves of MMA, saggital sulcus, sigmoid sinus
Occipital - 4 parts around foramen magnum (squamous, condylar x2, basilar)
Temporal - hearing and balance, 6 parts (squamous, mastoid, tympanic, styloid process, zygomatic, petrous)
Zygomatic - cheek bone
Sphenoid - sphenoidal sinus location, optic groove, wings, pterygoid process
Ethmoid - midline of anterior cranial fossa, fracture –> anosmia due to passage of olfactory nerve tract fibres
Mandible - innominate, joined by a midline fibrous joint
Describe the differences between a neonate and adult skull
Wide cranial sutures Anterior fontanelle (--> bregma) Posterior fontanelle (--> lambda) Movement between bones Cranial bones pushed together during birthing process
List some of the functions of the skull
Encloses and protects brain and special sense organs (thickness of cranium, strong flat bones)
Creates a specialised environment in which the brain thrives
Site of attachment for muscles, meninges
What are the boundaries and contents of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Midline of the neck
Inferior border of mandible
Anterior margin of SCM
Contents - submental, submandibular, carotid, muscular
What are the boundaries and contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Posterior margin of SCM
Anterior margin of trapezius
Clavicle
Contents - occipital, subclavian
What are the terminal branches of the facial nerve?
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
Describe the neurovascular supply of the neck
Arterial - external carotid (occipital, pharyngeal, lingual, facial, superior thyroid, maxillary, posterior auricular, superficial temporal)
Venous - internal jugular, external jugular, subclavian (facial, superficial temporal, maxillary)
Identify the hyoid bone and name some of the hyoid muscles and their function
Hyoid bone (C3) - between mandible and sternum, suspended by muscles, subdivide anterior triangle
Suprahyoids (digastric, mylohoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid) elevate hyoid when swallowing
Infrahyoids (thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid) depress hyoid when swallowing
List the layers of the neck
Skin/superficial fascia Subcutaneous fat Investing layer Pretracheal layer Carotid sheath Prevertebral layer
Describe the contents of the pretracheal fascia, prevertebral fascia and carotid sheath
Pretracheal:
Viscera, trachea, oesophagus, thyroid
Prevertebral:
Vertebra, associated muscles, base of skull –> T2/3
Carotid sheath - common carotid artery, inferior jugular vein, vagus nerve, deep cervical lymph nodes
Describe some of the infections and in what layers they would be present
Superficial e.g. cellulitis, abscess in superficial layer
Retropharyngeal e.g. mediastinitis in middle of investing layer
Parapharyngeal due to dental issues in anterior of investing layer affect carotid sheath structures
Study the major structures (e.g. muscle groups in the head and their neurovascular supply) and anatomy of the neck
Muscles of facial expression Muscle of the cheek (buccinator) Occipitofrontalis Muscles of mastication Superficial muscle of the neck and chin - platysma Sternocleidomastoid Neuro - facial nerve Muscles of mastication - mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
List the layers of the scalp
Skin - sebaceous cysts Dense CT - vessels (unable to constrict --> bleeding) Aponeurosis (frontalis occipitalis) Loose CT - emissery veins Periosteum
