General paediatrics Flashcards
(75 cards)
Hearing test is indicated for OME if persistent for ____ months or ____
Persistent for more than 3mo or other risk factors (Trisomy 21)
When is grommets recommended for OME ?
Bilateral fluid in ears and hearing impairment
Pure tone audiometry is recommended in children above age _____
5 years
What is automated audiometry brainstem response and when is it used?
It is used to investigate newborns of concern or those that do not pass two OAE tests.
It involves measuring brainstem electrophysiological responses to click stimuli using electrodes placed on the scalp. This assesses hearing throughout the entire hearing pathway; form the external ear through to the brainstem
What age group is …
1) Visual reinforcement audiometry suitable for?
2) Conditioned play audiometry suitable for?
1) Visual reinforcement audiometry suitable for 9mo to 36mo
2) Conditioned play audiometry 2-5 yr
In POTS increase in HR by XX
In POTS increase in HR by 40bpm or >130bpm
How do you manage POTS?
1) Increase blood volume (fluid and salt intake)
2) Exercise (minimise deconditioning)
3) Compression stockings
4) Medication - Fludrocortisone, Beta blocker (no consensus on whether beta 1 selective better)
5) Social supports
Plasma ______ and _____ are the major factors affecting ESR
Fibrinogen and globulin (IVIG thus can lead to increased ESR levels)
____ of congenital torticollis is due to congenital muscular causes. Of these the majority are related to_______
82% due to congenital muscular causes.
Of these, the majority are related to sternocleidomastoid muscle mass - thickening of the SCM muscle and limitation of passive range of motion
Palpable “mass” in inferior 1/3 of affected SCM
Consider surgery for congenital torticolis if persistent after _____ months
If persistent after 6-12mo
Which craniosynostotic syndrome is commonly associated with cloverleaf skull deformity (premature closure or coronal, metopic and lambdoi)
Pfieffer Type 2
Other signs- severe hand and foot anomalies, limb malformations
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is due to ____
Persistence of membrane at the distal valve of Hasner
_______ is a characteristic lab findings in chlamydia pneumonia
Eosinophilia
What are the major risk factors that indicate neuroimaging in children above 2yo post trauma?
- Focal neurological findings
- Skull fracture, especially findings of basillar fracture
- Seizures
- Persistent altered mental state (e.g. agitation, lethargy, repetitive questioning)
- Prolonged LOC
SGH is between which layers?
Periosteum and aponeurosis
Moderate evidence of benefit that breastfeeding reduces_________
Moderate evidence - prevention of T1DM, IBD, recurrent OME and wheezing
In patients with ITP, the presence of _____ or ______ - identifies patient at increased risk fo ICH
Haematuria or head trauma
What is the rate of ITP following MMR vaccine (within 6 weeks)
1/25,000
What is the mechanism of action of Transexamic acid?
Binds to lysin receptor on plasminogen and inhibits plasmin activity
Plasmin normally cleaves fibrin into fibringogen (dissolves clot)
At what age do pupils start responding light?
At what age is colour perceived?
When do kids start to blink/squint?
Pupils - 30 weeks
Colour is perceived at 34 weeks (red first)
Blinking/squinting after premature birth - 26 weeks
When does suck and swallow reflex start?
When does rooting reflex start?
Swallow - 34 weeks
Rooting - 28 weeks
Peak crying for babies is?
Peak purple crying 6-8 weeks
First tooth comes around when?
First tooth 5-7 months
When should all 20 primary teeth be present?
30 months (2.5yr)
