General Principals Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

Define- Drug

A

any chemical substance, natural or synthetic, which can affect living processes

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2
Q

Define- Pharmacology

A

the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

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3
Q

Define- Pharmacodynamics

A

the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanism(s) underlying the drug effects

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4
Q

Define- Therapeutics (pharmacotherapeutics)

A

use of a drug to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease

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5
Q

Define- Toxicology

A

the study of adverse effects of drugs as they interact with living systems

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6
Q

Define- Pharmacy

A

the practice of preparing and dispensing drug and providing drug information and pharmaceutical care

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7
Q

Define- Schedule I

A

drugs with no medical use and high potential for abuse. Ex: heroin, meth, LSD

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8
Q

Define- Schedule V

A

drugs with low potential for abuse but are made with limited quantities of certain narcotics Ex: Pregabalin

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9
Q

Define- Selectivity

A

selective toward its receptor site & elicits only the response for which it is given

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10
Q

Define- Reversibility of action

A

typically only want temporary action for drugs. most drug action is terminated by metabolism to an inactive drug (biotransformation), by excretion (mostly through kidney), or by combination of these mechanisms

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11
Q

Define- Efficacy

Define- Efficacy at receptor level

A

effectiveness of a drug. Inherent ability of a drug to produce a certain degree of biological activity.

Receptor level: drugs ability to bind with a receptor and elicit a response

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12
Q

Define- Potency

A

biological activity per unit weight.

Ex: a potent drug produces a greater response at the same mg. dosage in comparison to another drug

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13
Q

Drug Mechanisms: Direct

A

drug combines with specific receptors in a cell or tissue to produce its response

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14
Q

Drug Mechanisms: reflex

A

drug exerts action by either stimulating or depressing a particular reflex system

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15
Q

Drug Mechanisms: antimetablolite

A

drug which is chemically similar to a naturally occurring metabolite and which competes and produces a deficiency of that metabolite in an essential biological system

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16
Q

Drug Mechanisms: Release

A

drug may produce its effect by causing release of endogenous chemicals such as neurotransmitters and hormones

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17
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms: receptors for hormones/neurotransmitters coupled with G-proteins

A

Adenylate cyclase/cAMP system
phospholipase C/inositol phosphate system
regulation of ion channels

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18
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms: Receptors for insulin + various growth factors

A

Tyrosine Kinase

Guanylate cyclase

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19
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms: Intracellular receptors

A

steroid and thyroid hormones & other agents

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20
Q

Define- Therapeutic Index and formula

A

Margin of safety.

Lethal dose in 50% over effective dose in 50%

21
Q

Ture or False: a small Therapeutic index is better for safety over a large number

A

False, a larger number means there is less overlap which means there is a larger margin for safety

22
Q

Define- Agonist

A

drugs that mimic endogenous regulatory molecules and ACTIVATE RECEPTORS (high affinity and high intrinsic efficacy

23
Q

Define- Antagonist

A

drugs that block endogenous regulatory molecules and PREVENT RECEPTOR ACTIVATION. (has affinity but NO INTRINSIC EFFICACY)

24
Q

Define- addictive drug effects (Summation)

A

summation of effects of 2 drugs (2 + 2 = 4)

25
Define- Synergism
Effect of 2 drugfs in combination is greater than sum of drugs administered (2+2 = 5)
26
How can drugs cross membranes?
they are lipid soluble they have small molecular size they are uncharged (non polar) optimal pH
27
True or False: drugs that are weak acids are unionized in the stomach and tend to be absorbed there
True
28
True or False: drugs that are weak acids are unionized in the intestines and tend to be absorbed there
False: weak bases, not weak acids
29
True or False: drugs that are weak bases are unionized in the stomach and tend to be absorbed there
False: weak acids, not weak bases
30
True or false: drugs that are weak bases are unionized in the intestines and tends to be absorbed there
True
31
Mechanisms of absorption include what? Hint (4 mechanisms)
Active Transport Facilitated diffusion P-Glycoproteins Pino/phagocytosis
32
What are P-Glycoproteins? (multidrug transporter proteins)
Transmembrane proteins that transports a wide variety of drugs OUT of cells. present in: Brain capillaries, liver, kidneys, placenta, intestines
33
Drug Storage depots. Hint: 4 depots
Fat Liver Bone Skin
34
Storage Depot: Fat, Why do drugs accumulate here?
drugs localize here because they are fat soluble
35
Storage Depot: Liver, Why do drugs accumulate here?
many drugs have high affinity for hepatic cells
36
Storage Depot: Bone, Why do drugs accumulate here?
Tetracyclines have chelating properties and are deposited in areas of calcium, especially bone and teeth
37
Storage Depot: skin, Why do drugs accumulate here?
drugs localize in skin due to affinity for certain binding sites. Ex: lead in hair; griseofulvin in keratin
38
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is found where and does what?
Found: liver, small intestines & other tissues Function: metabolism (biotransformation)
39
Metabolism: induction
stimulation of hepatic drug metabolism by some drugs. Enzyme inducers stimulate their own metabolism and also accelerate metabolism of other drugs.
40
Metabolic reactions Include: hint 2 types
Conjugation | Non-synthetic reactions:
41
Define- Metabolic reactions: Conjugation (2 parts)
synthetic reaction combining the parent drug with a sugar, amino acid, glucuronic acid, or other naturally occurring compound Makes drug more polar, water-soluble for excretion by kidneys
42
define- metabolic reactions: non-synthetic reactions
oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis (inactivates drug)
43
define- Prodrug
drugs that are administered in an inactive form and rely on metabolism to convert them to an active substance
44
First-pass Effect:
significant or complete metabolic inactivation of some drugs by the liver following oral administration.
45
Define- Enterohepatic recirculation
some drugs or their metabolites, which are concentrated in bile then excreted into the intestines, can be reabsorbed into the blood stream from the lower GI tract
46
Metabolic Tolerance
due to accelerated drug metabolism
47
pharmacodynamic tolerance
adaptive processes from chronic receptor occupation
48
tachyphylaxis
a very rapid tolerance occurring with the first few doses of a drug
49
What are the 5 drug administration factors?
``` amount of drug given route bioavailability degree of exposure to a drug multiple drug therapy and drug interactions ```