General Respiratory

Question 1

Constriction of the airways following use of sympathomimetic bronchodilator. An opposite effect from what is expected.

Answer 1

Paradoxical Bronchoconstriction

Question 2

An effect that is the opposite of what is expected

Answer 2

Paradoxical Effect

Question 3

Worsening of nasal congestion following discontinuation of nasal spray

Answer 3

Rebound Congestion

Question 4

A drug producing the physiological effects characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 4

Sympathomimetic

Question 5

dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, bowel obstruction, dilated pupils, blurred vision, increased heart rate, and decreased sweating

Answer 5

Anticholinergic Effects

Question 6

used to prevent or relieve a cough

Answer 6

Antitussive

Question 7

a medicine which promotes the secretion of sputum by the air passages, used to treat coughs

Answer 7

Expectorant

Question 8

What two zones make up the Respiratory System

Answer 8

Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone

Question 9

• Warms, humidifies, and cleans incoming air
• Cilia remove mucus and debris from the nasal cavity
• Trachea branches to left and right bronchi-passageways for air in and out
• Muscular walls of bronchioles change in size to ̄ or airflow.

Answer 9

Conducting Zone

Question 10

• Involves structures directly involved in gas exchange
• Bronchioles lead to alveolar sacs where gas exchange takes place
• Resp. rate controlled by medulla oblongata (autonomic nervous system)

Answer 10

Respiratory Zone

Question 11

• An immune system reaction to a foreign substance- Antibodies are formed
• Mast cells release histamines when the allergen is present
• Common symptoms are sneezing, itching, runny/stuffy nose, red/watery eyes

Answer 11

Allergies

Question 12

• Chemical mediator of inflammatory response
• Interacts with two receptors: H1 & H2

Answer 12

Histamine

Question 13

• Found in smooth muscle of vascular system and bronchial tree
• Causes many of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis

Answer 13

Histamine 1

Question 14

• Found in stomach
• responsible for peptic ulcers

Answer 14

Histamine 2

Question 15

Medications for Respiratory Conditions (2)

Answer 15

Antihistamines (H1 Receptor Antagonists)
Decongestants

Question 16

• natural reflex mechanism
• Serves to forcibly remove excess secretions and foreign material
• Common colds and allergies create _______.

Answer 16

Cough

Question 17

• Antitussives inhibit cough
• Opioids used to inhibit severe cough
• Expectorants inhibit mucus production

Answer 17

Pharmacotherapy of Cough

Question 18

Medications to treat cough (2)

Answer 18

Antitussives
Expectorants

Question 19

Blue discoloration

Answer 19

Cyanosis

Question 20

Difficulty breathing

Answer 20

Dyspnea

Question 21

a condition involving constriction of the airways and difficulty or discomfort in breathing.

Answer 21

COPD

Question 22

a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. It usually results from an allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity

Answer 22

Asthma

Question 23

AKA bronchospasm

Answer 23

Asthma attack

Question 24

• Approx. 18.7 million adults and 7 million kids in U.S.A. Are affected.
• A chronic disease with inflammation, edema, & bronchospasm
• Excessive mucus sometimes present
• Symptoms involve coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, cyanosis, and chest tightness.

Answer 24

Asthma

Question 25

- Stress - Pollutants/allergens - Infections - Exercise (exertion)

Answer 25

Exacerbate Asthma Symptoms

Question 26

Asthma has both _____________ component and __________ component

Answer 26

bronchoconstriction; inflammation

Question 27

What are the 2 goals of drug therapy?

Answer 27

1. To terminate 2. To reduce the frequency

Question 28

What are the 2 broad categories of drug therapy?

Answer 28

Quick-relief meds Long-acting meds

Question 29

- To terminate acute bronchospasms in progress - short-acting beta-adrenergic agonists (sympathomimetics)

Answer 29

Quick-relief medications (emergency)

Question 30

- Oral Route - Aerosolize Route

Answer 30

Common routes for pulmonary drugs

Question 31

- rapid and efficient - rich blood supply for quick absorption and onset of action - delivers drug directly to site - inhalation vs oral

Answer 31

Factors of pulmonary drug choice

Question 32

- Longer duration of action - Frequent systemic side effects - Tolerance may develop

Answer 32

Oral Therapy

Question 33

- Suspension of droplets or particles in a gas - Onset of action almost immediate - Drugs administered for local effect - Immediate relief of bronchospasm in an emergency - Loosens thick mucus - Side effects are reduced!

Answer 33

Aerosol Therapy

Question 34

- Difficult to measure precise dose - Usually, only 10 to 50% of drug is placed - Instruction may be complicated for some patients - Side effects occur if patient swallows drug or does not rinse mouth after inhalation

Answer 34

Disadvantages of aerosol therapy

Question 35

- nebulizer - metered-dose inhaler - dry powder inhaler

Answer 35

Devices for aerosol therapy

Question 36

- Vaporizes liquid drug into fine mist - Uses small machine and face mask

Answer 36

Nebulizer

Question 37

- Propellant delivers measured dose of drug

Answer 37

Metered-dose Inhaler (MDI)

Question 38

- Patient inhales powdered drug - Device activated by inhalation

Answer 38

Dry-powder inhaler (DPI)

Question 39

- Chronic disease that causes obstructed air flow out of the lungs - Two types are emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Answer 39

COPD

Question 40

Alveoli at the end of the bronchioles are destroyed and hyperinflated

Answer 40

Emphysema

Question 41

chronic bronchial tube inflammation (daily productive cough)

Answer 41

Chronic Bronchitis

Question 42

- breathing difficulty - productive and chronic cough - wheezing - chest tightness, cyanosis, lack of energy, frequent respiratory infections, weight loss

Answer 42

Symptoms of COPD

Question 43

- Most often related to long-term smoking or long-term exposure to irritant - Treatable but not curable - The bronchioles lose elasticity, alveoli dilate to try to allow for more air and the client suffers extreme dyspnea.

Answer 43

Cause of COPD

Question 44

- Most effective drugs for relieving acute bronchospasm - Activate beta2 receptors in bronchial smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation - Range from ultrashort to long-acting

Answer 44

Sympathomimetics-Bronchodilators (Beta-Adrenergic Agonists):