General Revision

Question 1

Explain the properties of hydrogen bonds

Answer 1

Individual bonds are weak but when there are many they form key connections within the human body such as proteins

Question 2

What is the terms for the type of stable bond formed when two atoms share electrons?

Answer 2

Covalent bond

Question 3

Which of the following types of bonds does not involve sharing or transferring electrons?
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds

Answer 3

Hydrogen bonds

Question 4

How are ions formed?

Answer 4

By the loss or gain of one or more electrons in order to complete their outer valence shells

Question 5

How are ionic bonds formed?

Answer 5

When ions of opposite charges are attracted to each other

Question 6

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 6

A bond where electrons in the outer valence (shell) are shared between two atoms

Question 7

Are covalent bonds strong or weak?

Answer 7

Strong

Question 8

What is affinity (in regards to molecules)?

Answer 8

The measure of attraction and how much one molecule is attracted to another

Question 9

What are the three types of (molecular) gradients?

Answer 9

Concentration
Electrical
Electrochemical

Question 10

What is a concentration gradient?

Answer 10

A straightforward consideration of how much of a molecule there is in one place compared to another

Question 11

What is an electrical gradient?

Answer 11

Where there is a difference in electrical potential (voltage) across a membrane, caused by different versions of ions on either side of the membrane

Question 12

What is meant by the term “membrane potential”?

Answer 12

The electrical potential difference across a membrane produced by the location of differently charged particles in relation to each other

Question 13

How does an electrochemical gradient occur?

Answer 13

When there is both a chemical concentration and an electrical potential difference across a membrane
Both the number of molecules and their electrical charge are relevant

Question 14

How do you balance an unbalanced chemical equation?

Answer 14

By adding numbers to the left of one or more of the formulae

Question 15

What is a balanced chemical equation?

Answer 15

It represents a chemical reaction using the formulae of the reactants and products. It shows the number of units of each substance involved

Question 16

In chemistry, what is a reactant?

Answer 16

A substance that reacts together with another substance to form products during a chemical reaction

Question 17

In chemistry, what is a product?

Answer 17

A substance formed in a chemical reaction

Question 18

What are on the left side of a chemical equation?

Answer 18

The reactants

Question 19

What are on the right side of a chemical equation?

Answer 19

The products

Question 20

What are the steps for balancing a chemical equation?

Answer 20

Identify the products and reactants
Write the number of atoms
Add coefficients
Balance oxygen and hydrogen atoms last

Question 21

In maths, what are the rules for rearranging equations?

Answer 21

Whatever you do to one side of the equation, you must do to the other side
To move a symbol to the other side of the = sign, do the opposite action

Question 22

What is the range of visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum?

Answer 22

400 nanometres to 700 nanometres

4 x 10 ^-7 m to 7 x 10 ^-7 m

Question 23

Light waves which have a longer wavelength are in which section of the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Answer 23

The right of the red section

Question 24

Where on the electromagnetic spectrum are shorter (light) wavelengths found?

Answer 24

To the left of the violet

Question 25

What sort of applications are there for light waves with lower frequencies?

Answer 25

Domestic settings such as microwaves | Radio waves

Question 26

What are some applications of light waves with higher frequencies?

Answer 26

X-rays | Gamma rays used in medical imaging

Question 27

Name 6 types of waves of the electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 27

``` Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Infrared Microwaves Radio waves ```

Question 28

What are anions? What change have they undergone?

Answer 28

Negatively charged ions | They have gained at least one electron in their valence shell

Question 29

What are cations? What change have they undergone?

Answer 29

Positively charged ions | They have lost at least one electron from their valence shell

Question 30

Ions are crucial in the determination of what within the body?

Answer 30

pH

Question 31

Do acidic solutions have a higher or lower concentration of H+ (hydrogen) ions?

Answer 31

Higher

Question 32

Do alkali solutions have a higher or lower concentraction of H+ (hydrogen) ions?

Answer 32

Lower

Question 33

What is neutral pH?

Answer 33

Around 7

Question 34

Acidosis and alkalosis are both dangerous conditions if they occur in blood or tissue. One of them is associated with high H+ concentrations and one with low. Which is which?

Answer 34

Acidosis goes with high H+ concentration | Alkalosis goes with low H+ concentration

Question 35

What is the definition of a molecule?

Answer 35

Two or more atoms bound together

Question 36

What is the term for a molecule which contains at least two different elements?

Answer 36

A compound