General Science Flashcards
(12 cards)
Describe QMS, QC and QA
QMS: overarching system that manages QA/QC. Team huddles/ meetings. Sheets showing when rooms were last audited. Spreadsheets, forms and legislation.
QA: actions that provide confidence a system will meet requirements for quality. Audits, monitoring every 6/12 months, environment/ radiation exposure levels (reviewing LDRLs)
QC: a part of QA. Operational techniques. Checking for defects/ deviations from standards. Daily/ weekly/monthly checks.
Examples of QMS, QC, QA in nuclear medicine.
What is an error
Deviation of measured/ calculated value from known/standardised value.
Multiple errors of measurements give an uncertainty.
What is uncertainty
Range of values that could represent true value. Normallly
Accuracy VS Precision
Accuracy: how close to true value something is.
Precision: how close to each other all measurements are.
Three types of error and examples
Blunder: carelessness
Random error: Noise, environmental fluctuation. e.g. AFM someone walking past.
Systematic: Offset due to equipment or a variable not being controlled. Badly calibrated, parallax error, Ruler having markers rubbed off.
What do you understand about personalised medicine?
Tailoring of treatments based on genetics, lifestyle and environment.
Pros: More effective than one size fits all approach to medicine, fewer side effects, earlier detection. E.g. could discover genotypes of cancers (some correlated with sensitivity/resistance to a certain drug)
Cons: Privacy concerns, more expensive short term, limited availability, genetic studying comes with drawbacks (genetic counselling).
What do you know about the placebo effect and what are the potential ethical implications of double blinded trails/ clinical trials
Placebo effect: given a fake drug and treatment improves due to the psychological effects. Used commonly in clinical trials as a control.
Deception: not ethical to lie to patients.
Potential harm: if not being treated or denied best treatment.
Clear and full information given to ALL participants.
Outline the process of designing a clinical trial
Identifying problem, lit review, conceptual framework.
Objectives/ research protocol.
Collaboration with experts/ peer review.
Ethics committee.
Seek target populations.
Treatment.
Data collection.
Pros and cons of genomic medicine to patients and nhs.
Patients:
Faster diagnosis/ treatment. More accurate. Personalised medicine. Will know if things are genetic e.g. breast cancer. Could have ethical implications hence genomic counselling.
e.g.1 (BRAC1/BRAC2). Hereditary breast cancer. If positive likely family member has it. If a mother is diagnosed but wants to keep it secret (doesn’t want to upset family) ethical implications with not telling daughter.
NHS:
Highlights risk factors, quicker treatment/ management of symptoms. Less palliative care – cost NHS less in the long run. Palliative care is very demanding financially.
Can help more people per cost.
What is a clean room
A controlled environment that filters pollutants like dust, airborne microbes, and other particulates so that the area is well isolated and controlled from contamination. PPE is required to enter a clean room.
Role of RPA vs RWA
Radiation protection advisor: NHS and private need RPA to do medical exposures/ use radioactive sources. Ensures relevant audits, calibration and safety procedure met. Aware of incidents. Used for to get advice for environment.
Radiation Waste Advisor: Ensures radioactive waste in bins have decayed enough before being thrown. Required for legality purposes. Ensures trusts have a non expired licence. Follow EPR rules.
