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Y4 GI / Surgery > General Surgery > Flashcards

General Surgery Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

“Number of deaths occurred due to a specific condition” is the definition of

A

Mortality

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2
Q

“State of having a specific disease or condition” is the definition of

A

Morbidity

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3
Q

What is the ASA classification?

A

Grades severity of morbidity

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4
Q

If a patient doesn’t want to hear the risks of a procedure and says they consent anyway, can you let them go through with the procedure?

A

No

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5
Q

What is the name of the surgical risk scoring system used to compare morbidity/mortality?

A

P-POSSUM

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6
Q

Operating at wrong site, using wrong implants/prosthesis or leaving foreign object retained post procedure are all examples of what?

A

Surgical never events

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7
Q

What is a central venous catheter also known as?

A

Central line

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8
Q

A central line is placed in US guidance - T or F

A

True

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9
Q

‘Used for infusion of chemotherapy, nutrition, long term ABx’ describes what?

A

PICC line

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10
Q

Are veins or arteries compressible on US?

A

Veins compressible

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11
Q

What are the 3 moments for the WHO surgical safety checklist?

A

Before induction of anaesthesia
Before first skin incision
Before patient leaves room

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12
Q

Diathermy is contraindicated in patients with what PMH?

A

Pacemaker

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13
Q

Put the stages of wound healing in the correct order

  • Proliferative phase
  • Remodeling
  • Inflammation
  • Haemostasis
A

Haemostasis > inflammation > proliferative phase > remodeling

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14
Q

The BRAN system is used for explaining surgery do a patient, what does it involves?

A

Benefits
Risks
Alternatives
What if we do nothing

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15
Q

NSAIDs inhibit ______ which decreases ______

A

Cyclooxygenase

Prostaglandins

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16
Q

What is telemetry?

A

Constant cardiac monitoring ECG

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17
Q

What is a pan scan?

A

CT head - mid femur (done in trauma)

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18
Q

What drug class is ondansetron in?

A

5HT3 antagonist

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19
Q

What drug class is hyoscine in?

A

Anticholinergic AKA antimuscarinic

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20
Q

What drug class is cyclizine in?

A

H1 antihistamine

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21
Q

What drug class is metoclopramide in?

A

D2 antagonist prokinetic

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22
Q

What drug class is haloperidol in?

A

D2 antagonist

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23
Q

Which D2 antagonists are prokinetic?

A

Metoclopramide and domperidone

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24
Q

What type of laxative is lactulose?

A

Osmotic laxative

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25
What type of laxative is senna?
Stimulant laxative
26
What is the mechanism of a stimulant laxative?
Increases intestinal motility
27
What type of laxative is fibrogel and bran powder?
Bulk laxative
28
What is a contraindication to stimulant laxatives?
Obstruction
29
What is the management of a capsulated splenic haematoma?
Embolization | done by interventional radiology
30
When our immediate, early and late surgical complications?
Immediate <24hr Early <30d Late >30d
31
Pyrexia less than 24 hours after surgery is a red flag - true or false
False - less than 24hr after is not too worrying
32
Anastomotic leak, chest infections and intra-abdo collections all generally occurs after how many days post surgery?
4 days
33
Incontinence is a complication of perianal abscesses if there is damage to what structure?
Anal sphincter
34
What is an anastomotic leak?
From bowel anastomosis - if there is a leak bowel contents can get into the abdomen
35
What is a stoma?
An opening to divert stool/urine out the body
36
Name 3 examples of stomas
Urostomy, ileostomy, colostony
37
A stoma may be loop or end - what does this mean?
``` Loop = temporary planning on reversing (2 holes) Permanent = end ```
38
Colostomy / ileostomy - which is on left / right hand side - which sticks out and which is flush with the skin? - which is higher output?
- ileostomy LHS - colostomy RHS - ileostomy sticks out - colostomy flush - ileostomy higher output (need to empty more often)
39
What is the Hb threshold for transfusion? What if in CVD?
<70 transfuse | <80 if CVD
40
What % of the body fluid is intravascular and extravascular?
2/3 intravascular | 1/3 extravascular
41
What are the 2 main types of non-blood IV fluids?
Crystalloids | Colloids
42
What is the fluid of choice for ABCDE fluid resuscitation? What volume? How fast? After what volume should you seek expert help?
500ml bolus crystalloid 0.9% NaCl saline over 15min Reassess + repeat After 2L seek expert help
43
Name 2 examples of colloid fluids
Albumin | Gelofusin
44
What risk should you be aware of with colloid fluids?
Anaphylaxis
45
Name 3 examples of crystalloid fluids
NaCl saline Hartmann's solution Dextrose
46
What is the concentration of Na, Ca, K, Cl and lactate in saline?
``` Na 154 Ca 0 K 0 Cl 154 Lactate ```
47
What is the concentration of Na, Ca, K, Cl and lactate in Hartmann's solution?
``` Na 131 Ca 2 K 5 Cl 111 Lactate 29 ```
48
What is the concentration of Na, Ca, K, Cl and lactate in dextrose fluid?
No ions or electrolytes | all 0
49
Is saline 0.9% NaCl hypo or hypertonic?
Isotonic
50
Is dextrose hypo or hypertonic? What does this mean?
Hypotonic - most leaks into interstitial space, doesn't stay in vessels
51
True or false - seek expert help for calculating fluid requirements for obese patients BMI >40
True
52
Elderly patients, CKD and HF patients all have _____ fluid requirement
Reduced
53
Fluid requirement = _____ + _____
Routine maintenance + abnormal losses
54
What is normal urine output?
0.5ml/kg/hr
55
Give 5 examples of abnormal fluid losses
``` Reduced oral intake Sweating D+V Polyuria Stoma loss Haematemesis Leaking wound Melena NGT ```
56
How do you calculate routine maintenance fluids? What volume is that for a 70kg human? How much Na + K + Cl + glucose?
25-30ml/kg/day water 1mmol/kg/day K + Na + Cl 50-100g/day glucose
57
Is 0.18% NaCl / 4% glucose hypo or hypertonic? What is it used for
Hypotonic | For maintenance
58
What is the definition of massive transfusion?
Replacement of total blood volume in <24hr or Half of total blood volume in <3hr
59
What is the ratio of platelets to FFP transfused in massive haemorrhage?
1 : 1
60
In transfusion, blood products need to be warmed using a blood warmer. True or false
True
61
Tranexamic acid is used with transfusion in the management of trauma patients. True or false
True
62
Rapid massive transfusion complications: - low or high calcium - low or high potassium - low or high temperature - acidosis or alkalosis
Hypocalcaemia Hyperkalaemia Hypothermia Acidosis

Y4 GI / Surgery (11 decks)

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