Random

Question 1

At the lower oesophageal sphincter there is a transition from what to what type of epithelium?

Answer 1

Transition stratified squamous to columnar epithelium

Question 2

What artery supplies the foregut, the midgut and the hindgut?

Answer 2

Foregut - celiac trunk
Midgut - superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery

Question 3

Which branch of the aorta supplies the liver?

Answer 3

Celiac trunk

Question 4

Where does the foregut end?

Answer 4

Halfway through the duodenum

Question 5

Where does the midgut end and the hindgut begin?

Answer 5

Distal third of transverse colon

Question 6

Name the smooth muscle of the large bowel

Answer 6

Teniae coli

Question 7

What artery relevant to the GI system is described as having a tortuous course?

Answer 7

Splenic artery

Question 8

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

Answer 8

The tail of the pancreas is the only part that is intraperitoneal

Question 9

Where is B12 and folate absorbed?

Answer 9

Terminal ileum

Question 10

“Semi digested food expelled from the stomach to the duodenum” is the definition of what

Answer 10

Chyme

Question 11

Detoxification & protein, hormones, fat, carbohydrate metabolism are all the functions of what organ

Answer 11

Liver

Question 12

What clotting factor is also known as fibrinogen? What clotting factor is also known as prothrombin?

Answer 12

Factor I

Factor II

Question 13

What is asterixis?

Answer 13

Tremor liver flap caused by hepatic encephalopathy or CO2 retention

Question 14

What is koilonychia?

Answer 14

Spoon nails caused by iron deficiency

Question 15

What causes palmar erythema?

Answer 15

Cirrhosis

Question 16

What is scleral icterus?

Answer 16

Jaundice

Question 17

What is leuconychia a sign of?

Answer 17

Hypoalbuminaemia

Question 18

What is caput medusae a sign of?

Answer 18

Portal hypertension

dilated superficial torturous epigastric veins

Question 19

What are spider neavi a sign of?

Answer 19

May be caused by liver disease

Question 20

A Lanz incision is used for what surgical procedure?

Answer 20

Appendectomy

Question 21

A Pfannensteil incision is used for what surgical procedure?

Answer 21

Lower segment Caesarean section

Question 22

What type of surgical incision is used for an AAA surgery?

Answer 22

Transverse

Question 23

How do you distinguish small and large bowel on abdominal x-ray?

Answer 23

Small bowel plicae circularis - lines go all of the way through
Large bowel haustrations

Question 24

How long before upper GI endoscopy should you fast and for how long should you only drink clear water?

Answer 24

Fast eight hours before, only clear water two hours before

Question 25

For how long before an upper GI endoscopy should patients stop their PPI?

Answer 25

Stop PPI two weeks before, if inpatient stop as soon as arranged

Question 26

Sigmoidoscopy refers to flexible sigmoidoscopy, true or false

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What medication is used for a non-sedated upper GI endoscopy?

Answer 27

Lidocaine throat spray

Question 28

What medication is used for a flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Answer 28

Usually none

Question 29

What type and when are enemas given as prep for flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Answer 29

Phosphate enema day before + on day of | fast from midnight

Question 30

What medication is used for a colonoscopy?

Answer 30

Usually none | opiate or midozalam options

Question 31

For how long before colonoscopy should patients have a liquid diet?

Answer 31

24hr

Question 32

What does ERCP stand for?

Answer 32

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Question 33

A contrast MRI of biliary system/pancreas is also known as what?

Answer 33

MRCP

Question 34

Why is colonoscopy not used in the acute setting?

Answer 34

Need to prep/empty bowels

Question 35

What should you check for on blood tests before ERCP?

Answer 35

Clotting, give IV vit K | not absorbing since it is fat soluble

Question 36

Pancreatitis is a complication of ERCP, how do you monitor for it?

Answer 36

Check amylase 24 hours afterwards

Question 37

Why should you avoid colonoscopy in the acutely inflamed bowel?

Answer 37

Increased risk perforation

Question 38

What does air under the diaphragm on abdominal x-ray suggest?

Answer 38

Bowel perforation

Question 39

What is pneumoperitoneum?

Answer 39

Free air in peritoneal cavity

Question 40

Air seen on both sides of the intestines on abdominal x-ray is what? What does it suggest? what investigation should be done next?

Answer 40

Rigler's sign – free air in diaphragm | Next step CT

Question 41

What does a coffee Bean sign on abdominal x-ray suggest

Answer 41

Sigmoid volvulus

Question 42

Where does the trachea bifurcate

Answer 42

Carina

Question 43

What does the stepladder sign on abdominal x-ray represent

Answer 43

Small bowel obstruction

Question 44

A bird beak or rat-tail appearance on a Gastrografin swallow suggests what

Answer 44

Achalasia

Question 45

Gallstones in the gallbladder can be seen on US - true or false

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What is more invasive MRCP or ERCP, what can be used for therapeutic reasons?

Answer 46

ERCP more invasive, involves endoscope inserted by mouth + XR, can investigate plus remove stones at the same time, can stent a tumour MRCP less invasive, can't do anything therapeutic

Question 47

Duodenal perforation is a complication of ERCP, true or false?

Answer 47

True