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VETM 422 > General Virology 1 > Flashcards

General Virology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virus?

A

A filterable agent, a small obligate intracellular “parasite” that is inert outside of host cells.

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2
Q

Can viruses have RNA and DNA genomes?

A

NO! One or the other

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3
Q

Propagation of viruses depends on what?

A

The specialized host cells that supply the metabolic and biosynthetic machinery of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

Do viruses have functional ribosomes?

A

No they steal ribosomes from other cells (same with other organelles)

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5
Q

Name 3 difference between bacteria and viruses

A
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6
Q

Example of virus that internalizes ribosomes

A

Arenavirus

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7
Q

Can you see virus with a light microscope?

A

No, need electron microscope or Nanoscopy

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8
Q

Size range of viruses

A

17 nm (circovirus) to 250 nm (small pox)

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9
Q

What are the two forms of viruses?

A

Naked and enveloped

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10
Q

Describe a Naked virus

A

A genome (DNA or RNA) protected by a capsid (capsid is 100% protein)

-May have spike proteins

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11
Q

what is a nucleocapsid?

A

The capsid and genome

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12
Q

Function of the capsid?

A

Acts as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases

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13
Q

Describe enveloped viruses

A

A host derived lipid bilayer, that closely surrounds the viral capsid and genome. The exterior of the bilayer is studded with glycosylated (trans-) membrane proteins

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14
Q

Why are glycosylated proteins important?

A

They help determine what hosts the virus can invade and antigenic composition of the virus

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15
Q

Budding viruses contain what?

A

They carry host cells proteins that are integral constants of their viral envelope (Why not easily detected by immune system)

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16
Q

Which virus type more vulnerable to soap?

A

Envelope b/c made of lipid bilayer that soap breaks down (naked virus needs stronger cleaners)

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17
Q

What is the largest virus?

A

Pithovirus (only infects amoebas)
Mimivirus and pandora virus are also large

pandora virus has the largest genome

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18
Q

What is the largest animal virus?

A

Poxviruses

19
Q

What is the smallest viruses?

A

Circoviruses (makes only 2 proteins)

20
Q

What is a bacteriophage? Describe its structure

A

A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea

Has a head which contains protein and DNA and a tail that contains only proteins

21
Q

Name the 6 viral shapes and give an example of each

A

1) Elongated- E.coli
2) Dumbell- pox. virus
3) Crown like- covid viruses (enveloped)
4) Bullet shape- Rabies
5) Rotovirus
6) Naked- Adenovirus

22
Q

What is the implication of having a segmented genome in a virus?

A

Because little segments can get packed up into different viruses and replicate. They reassort into new strains (1 and 2 can combine to make 3) These new strains that can evade the immune system. This is called reassortment. It causes the Spanish influenza, (has swine human and avian origin)

23
Q

Name basic steps and enzymes involved in the central dogma

A
24
Q

Name the two classification systems for viruses

A

International Committee on Taxonomy on Viruses (ICTV)

Baltimore Classification

25
Q

Describe the ICTV classification system

A

Viruses classified on order, family, subfamily, genus and species

Not phylum or class since their small genome size and mutation rate make it difficult to determine ancestry beyond order

26
Q

What are virus suffixes for order, family, subfamily, genus and species

A

Order: -virales
Family: -viridae
Subfamily: -virinae
Genus: -virus
Species: -virus

27
Q

How many orders are there in the ICTV system?

A

7

28
Q

Name the 7 ICTV classes and characteristics about them

A

1) Caudovirales- tailed dsDNA bacteriophages (does not infect animals)
2) Herpesvirales-large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses
3) Ligamenvirales-linear, dsDNA, archaean viruses (does not infect animals)
4) Mononegavirales-nonsegmented (-) strand ssRNA, plant and animal viruses
5) Nidovirales- (+) strand ssRNA, vertebrate viruses
6) Picornavirales-small (+) strand ssRNA viruses that infect a variety of plant, insect and animal hosts
7) Tymovirales-monopartite (+) ssRNA viruses that infect plants (does not infect animals)

29
Q

Describe the Baltimore classification system

A

Used in conjunction with ICTV and is based on the mechanism of mRNA production (transcription), different mechanisms are used to achieve each family

30
Q

How many groups are there in the Baltimore system?

A

7

31
Q

What are the 7 Baltimore groups and their descriptors?

A

I: dsDNA viruses (e.g. Adeno, Herpes, Pox)
II: ssDNA viruses (+ sense) DNA (e.g. Parvoviruses)
III: dsRNA viruses (e.g. Reoviruses)
IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (e.g. Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)
V: (−)ssRNA viruses (e.g. Orthomyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses)
VI: ssRNA-RT viruses (+ sense) RNA with DNA intermediate in life-cycle (e.g. Retroviruses)
VII: dsDNA-RT viruses (e.g. Hepadnaviruses)

32
Q

What does the + or - mean?

A

Defines the polarity compared to mRNA, which defines how they are translated by ribosomes

+ ssRNA use their own viral RNA genome as mRNA

-ssRNA uses RNA dependant RNA polymerase from the viron

33
Q

Give an example of a group 1 virus

A

dsDNA viruses
e.g. Adeno, Herpes, Pox

34
Q

Give an example of a group 2 virus

A

ssDNA viruses (+ sense) DNA

e.g. Parvoviruses

35
Q

Give an example of a group 3 virus

A

dsRNA viruses

e.g. Reoviruses

36
Q

Give an example of a group 4 virus

A

(+)ssRNA viruses

e.g. Picornaviruses, Togaviruses

37
Q

Give an example of a group 5 virus

A

(−)ssRNA viruses

(e.g. Orthomyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses)

38
Q

Give an example of a group 6 virus

A

ssRNA-RT viruses (+ sense) RNA with DNA intermediate in life-cycle

(e.g. Retroviruses)

39
Q

Give an example of a group 7 virus

A

dsDNA-RT viruses

(e.g. Hepadnaviruses)

40
Q

Example of DNA envoloped virus

A

Poxviradae (pox viruses)

41
Q

Example of DNA naked virus

A

Parvovirade (parvo viruses)

42
Q

Example of enveloped RNA virus

A

Influenza Virus
Cornaviradae

43
Q

Example of naked RNA virus

A

Reoviridae (rotavirus)

44
Q

70% of viruses are what?

A

RNA viruses

VETM 422 (7 decks)

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